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Vascular Surgery828 papers

Acute occlusion of mesenteric vein

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acute occlusion of mesenteric veins leads to mesenteric ischemia, causing significant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and potentially life-threatening complications such as bowel infarction and sepsis. 35

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation includes acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Imaging studies (CT, MRI) are crucial for diagnosis, showing characteristic signs like bowel wall thickening and mesenteric stranding.

Laboratory tests may reveal elevated lactate levels and leukocytosis.

Endoscopic evaluation can confirm ischemia but is invasive and used selectively. 35

Management

Initial Management: Urgent surgical intervention (resection of infarcted bowel segments) or endovascular procedures (mesenteric artery thrombolysis/stenting) may be required. 35

Medical Management: Supportive care including fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and monitoring for sepsis.

Thrombolytics: Considered in selected cases where surgical intervention is delayed or contraindicated, though evidence is limited and risks must be weighed. 35

Special Populations

Elderly: Higher risk of complications and poorer outcomes; individualized management is crucial. 35

Comorbidities: Presence of cardiovascular disease, hypercoagulable states, or recent surgery increases risk and complicates management. 35

Key Recommendations

Prompt Surgical Intervention or Endovascular Therapy for confirmed cases of acute mesenteric vein occlusion to prevent bowel infarction and improve survival. (Evidence: Moderate 35)

Aggressive Supportive Care including fluid resuscitation and broad-spectrum antibiotics to manage systemic inflammatory response and prevent sepsis. (Evidence: Moderate 35)

Individualized Risk Assessment for elderly patients and those with comorbidities to tailor management strategies effectively. (Evidence: Expert opinion 35)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 707 indexed papers.

1 Shmushkevich SB, Berzack S, Bajrami S, Massoumi S, Hernandez G, Williams BK. IMPACT OF SLEEP APNEA ON RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN INDIVIDUALS 55 AND YOUNGER: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2026. link 2 Zhan J, Qiao D, Sun G, Li H, Huang X, Deng X et al.. Geometric Decomposition of OCT Angiography in RVO: Unmasking Congestive Versus Compensatory Phenotypes and Deep Retina-Choroid Coupling. Translational vision science & technology 2026. link 3 Iby J, Kreminger J, Stino H, Niederleithner M, Yeghiazaryan L, Schlegl T et al.. Retinal Characteristics in Eyes With Retinal Vein Occlusion Using Widefield Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2026. link 4 Ben Addou Idrissi S, Moutei H, Bennis A, Chraibi F, Abdellaoui M, Andaloussi IB. Prognostic Value of Multimodal Imaging in Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Prospective Study from a North African Tertiary Center. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2026. link 5 Ma J, Liu X, Qin Y, Qu Y, Liu Q, Li J. Canagliflozin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation to protect the retinal neurovascular unit in a mouse retinal vein occlusion model. Experimental eye research 2026. link 6 Hikichi T, Kurabe H, Notoya A, Oguro Y, Hirano M, Doi Y. Six-month comparative outcomes of aflibercept and faricimab in treatment-naïve macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 7 Cicinelli MV, Pepe EM, Tombolini B, Romanelli M, Albertini S, Decarlo MP et al.. Macular Edema Resistance in Retinal Vein Occlusion and the Protective Role of PAMM Subtypes. American journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 8 Tsang KK, Hui VWK, Pang CMK, Tang Z, Yang D, Nguyen TX et al.. SD-OCT-based biomarkers in predicting treatment outcomes of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with anti-VEGF therapy. Acta ophthalmologica 2026. link 9 Bai G, Wei H, Li S. Quantitative analysis of choroidal changes in retinal vein occlusion using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. International ophthalmology 2026. link 10 Hatamnejad A, Nanji K, Grad J, El-Sayes A, Mihalache A, Gemae M et al.. Predicting treatment response in retinal vein occlusions using baseline optical coherence tomography biomarkers: A systematic review. Survey of ophthalmology 2026. link 11 Jiang S, Zhang H, Sun X, Xie Y, Mao P, Jia Y. The serum level of leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2026. link 12 Gao L, Cai X, Dang Y. Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab Combined with Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant Sequential Therapy for Macular Edema Secondary to Non-Ischemic Retinal Vein Occlusion. Drug design, development and therapy 2026. link 13 Terao R, Fujino R, Hayashi K, Suzuki T, Shimizu S, Yamagishi R et al.. Role of Autotaxin in the Pathogenesis of Retina Ischemia and Its Therapeutic Implications. International journal of molecular sciences 2026. link 14 Dinah C, Dodds M, Lotery A, Salvatore S, Fletcher E, Lake AVR et al.. Treatment patterns and long-term outcomes in anti-VEGF-treated macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective observational study. Eye (London, England) 2026. link 15 Bai W, Zhao Y, Zhang YY, Li JY, Zhu SS, Sun C et al.. EPIRETINAL MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY IN BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION WITH MACULAR EDEMA: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2026. link 16 Kim B, Kim E, Kim YT, Kong M. Associations of nutritional intake and body mass index with branch retinal vein occlusion: A cross-sectional study using data from a Korean national survey. Science progress 2026. link 17 Ye Y, Yan M, Huang Z, Deng YM, Cheng JY, Song YP. Long-term outcomes of 3+PRN versus 5+PRN anti-VEGF regimens for ischemic and non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion-associated macular edema. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2026. link 18 Yildirim M, Bilgili M, Kaşali K, Medetoğlu B, Temur E. Red blood cell distribution width/albumin ratio (RAR): A novel predictor of retinal vein occlusion in the Turkish population (STROBE). Medicine 2026. link 19 Kreminger J, Iby J, Rokitansky S, Stino H, Niederleithner M, Schlegl T et al.. Association of microaneurysms with retinal vascular alterations in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 20 Zhang P, Gehlbach P, Taylor RH, Iordachita I, Kobilarov M. Deep learning-based autonomous retinal vein cannulation in ex vivo porcine eyes. Science robotics 2025. link 21 Lee JH, Kim SH, Kim E. Influence of Smoking and Controlled Medical Conditions on the Risks of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion in South Korea: A Population-Based Study. Ophthalmic epidemiology 2025. link 22 Han S, Choi SU, Kim YJ, Yoon YH, Lee J. Spatial interaction between retinal and choroidal circulation in retinal vein occlusion. Scientific reports 2025. link 23 Huang RS, Mihalache A, Popovic MM, Munn C, Melo IM, Pecaku A et al.. Artificial intelligence-based extraction of quantitative ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography parameters in retinal vein occlusion. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 24 Shiraki A, Shiraki N, Maruyama K, Wakabayashi T, Sakimoto S, Maeno T et al.. Negative impact of internal limiting membrane peeling in vitreous hemorrhage secondary to retinal vein occlusion with macular ischemia. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2025. link 25 Chen F, Wang Q, Li Y, Li F, Zhang L, Gu X. TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in retinal endothelial cells is implicated in retinal vein occlusion. Experimental eye research 2025. link 26 Invernizzi A, Airaldi M, Cozzi M, Nguyen V, Hashimoto Y, Barthelmes D et al.. Impact of cataract surgery on patients receiving intravitreal therapy for retinal vein occlusion. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2025. link 27 Ponsioen T, Hashimoto Y, Invernizzi A, Gabrielle PH, Lavid FJ, Mehta H et al.. Outliers of Treatment Frequency in Retinal Vein Occlusion: 24-Month Comparative Analysis of Fight Retinal Blindness! Practitioners. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2025. link 28 Chou YB, Chang HH, Chiu HI, Chou YJ, Pu C. Risk Factors for Developing Neovascular Glaucoma in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: Two-Year Real-World Study. Ophthalmic epidemiology 2025. link 29 Chung YR, Mainguy A, Chatziralli I, Smaoui A, Bodaghi B, Paques M et al.. Anatomical, Functional, and Prognostic Results of Vitrectomy in Epiretinal Membranes Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusions. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2025. link 30 Comes-Carsí M, Gracia-Rovira E, Manfreda-Domínguez L, Pérez-Torregrosa VT, Liscombe-Sepúlveda JP, Duch-Samper AM. Combined central retinal vein occlusion and cilioretinal artery occlusion in two young patients. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2025. link 31 Du K, Mayer N, Feistritzer C, Barberis E, Muftuoglu IK, Chhablani J. Impact of anti-VEGF treatment-free interval during the first year on 5-year outcomes in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 32 Aziz YN, Sirakaya E. Association between serous macular detachment and choroidal vascular architecture in treatment-Naïve branch retinal vein occlusion. International ophthalmology 2025. link 33 Galvez-Olortegui J, Bouchikh-El Jarroudi R, Silva-Ocas I, Palacios-Herrera H, Cubillas-Martin M, Zavaleta-Mercado M et al.. Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 34 Studnička J, Němčanský J, Vysloužilová D, Ernest J, Veith M, Němec P. Retinal Vein Occlusion Guidelines. Ceska a slovenska oftalmologie : casopis Ceske oftalmologicke spolecnosti a Slovenske oftalmologicke spolecnosti 2024. link 35 He H, Wang Z, Zhou H, Jin ZB. Acute onset of decreased vision after violently vomiting: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 36 Maatouk CM, Liu JC, Alsaloum P, Iyer AI, Kaiser PM, Singh RP et al.. Predictors of response to a lapse in anti-VEGF treatment in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 37 Mautuit T, Cunnac P, Truffer F, Anjos A, Dufrane R, Maître G et al.. Absolute retinal blood flow in healthy eyes and in eyes with retinal vein occlusion. Microvascular research 2024. link 38 Basilious A, Duncan J, Smuck B, Malvankar-Mehta MS, Juncal VR, Hooper P et al.. Treatment discontinuation patterns of anti-VEGF in retinal vein occlusion. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 39 Salimi A, Li C, Watt H, Hasan J, Galic J, Chen J et al.. Retinal vein occlusion in patients with primary angle closure: a prospective case-control study. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 40 Ip MS, Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC, Oden NL, Blodi BA. Month 60 Imaging Findings and Relationship to Treatment Outcomes Following Anti-VEGF Therapy for Macular Edema Due to Central or Hemi-Retinal Vein Occlusion. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 41 Kim S, Kim BH, Han K, Kong M, Song SJ. Association Between Three Atopic Triad and Retinal Vein Occlusion Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Ophthalmic epidemiology 2024. link 42 Razavi P, Baldwin G, Vingopoulos F, Garg I, Tracy J, Wescott H et al.. Associations of quantitative contrast sensitivity with wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2024. link 43 Schreiberova Z, Rehak J, Babkova B, Sin M, Rybarikova M, Paskova B et al.. Hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and thrombophilia as the most common risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in patients under 50 years. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 2024. link 44 VanderBeek BL, Yu Y, Oden N, VanVeldhuisen P, Blodi B, Ip M et al.. Visit Adherence and Visual Acuity in Study of COmparative Treatments for REtinal Vein Occlusion 2 (SCORE2). Ophthalmic epidemiology 2024. link 45 Russell MW, Maatouk CM, Kim S, Liu B, Muste JC, Talcott KE et al.. Lack of association between Lp(a) and retinal vein occlusion in a single institution and US national database. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 46 Ragkousis A, Kazantzis D, Georgalas I, Theodossiadis P, Kroupis C, Chatziralli I. Association of . Seminars in ophthalmology 2024. link 47 Sun G, Wang X, Tian M, Yi Z, Xu A, He L et al.. Relationship between ischemic index, leakage index, and macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2024. link 48 Subhi Y, Potapenko I, Hajari JN, la Cour M. Prognostic modelling of number of patients with retinal vein occlusion in anti-VEGF therapy. Acta ophthalmologica 2024. link 49 Demir B, Mishra A, Gutierrez MPM, Rasheed R, Charitaki M, Preston E et al.. Outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion in patients with poor baseline visual acuity. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 50 Si S, Chen A, Ji Y, Wang J. Poor response to first intravitreal injection for predicting unfavorable outcomes of retinal vein occlusion related macular edema. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 51 Karageorgiou G, Chronopoulou K, Georgalas I, Kandarakis S, Tservakis I, Petrou P. Branch retinal vein occlusion following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine. European journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 52 Arepalli S, Wykoff CC, Abraham JR, Lunasco L, Yu H, Hu M et al.. Longitudinal analysis of aqueous humour cytokine expression and OCT-based imaging biomarkers in retinal vein occlusions treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in the IMAGINE study. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 53 Pyare R, Ganvir A, Goyal S, Rao C, Dutta Majumder P. Bilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated with Axitinib Therapy: A Case Report. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 54 Valeriani E, Paciullo F, Porfidia A, Pignatelli P, Candeloro M, Di Nisio M et al.. Antithrombotic treatment for retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 55 Frederiksen KH, Stokholm L, Frederiksen PH, Jørgensen CM, Möller S, Kawasaki R et al.. Cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients with retinal vein occlusion: a Danish nationwide cohort study. The British journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 56 Ren X, Feng W, Ran R, Gao Y, Lin Y, Fu X et al.. Artificial intelligence to distinguish retinal vein occlusion patients using color fundus photographs. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 57 Zheng Z, Yan M, Li L, Zhang D, Zhang L. Analysis of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in retinal vein occlusion with resolved macular edema. International ophthalmology 2023. link 58 Tanaka S, Tanaka Y, Inoue T, Nagura K, Arasaki R, Okawa K et al.. Retinal haemorrhages on ultra-widefield red channel images and perfusion status in central retinal vein occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 59 Gulyesil FF, Dogan M, Sabaner MC, Gobeka HH. How Traumatic is Intravitreal Ozurdex Injection?. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 60 Pur DR, Krance S, Pucchio A, Bassi A, Miranda RN, Felfeli T. Emerging applications of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence in the analysis of biofluid markers involved in retinal occlusive diseases: a systematic review. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2023. link 61 Barbosa GCS, Susanna BN, Rio JA, Mendes TS, Guerra RLL. Multimodal evaluation of hemorrhages within intraretinal cystoid spaces in a blood-fluid level presentation. European journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 62 Zuo W, Chen T, Song J, Ai M. Assessment of Systemic Immune-inflammation Index Levels in Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 63 Takacs A, Ecsedy M, Nagy ZZ. Possible COVID-19 MRNA Vaccine-Induced Case of Unilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 64 Liu JC, Alsaloum P, Iyer AI, Kaiser PM, Singh RP. Consequences of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment lapse in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 65 Antaki F, Coussa RG, Kahwati G, Hammamji K, Sebag M, Duval R. Accuracy of automated machine learning in classifying retinal pathologies from ultra-widefield pseudocolour fundus images. The British journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 66 Hashimoto Y, Kaneko H, Aso S, Okada A, Matsui H, Yasunaga H et al.. Association between retinal vein occlusion and early-stage hypertension: A propensity score analysis using a large claims database. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 67 Bai Y, Liang S, Vachharajani TJ, An N, Xu M, Zhou Z et al.. Feasibility and safety of guidewire-balloon entrapment technique for recanalization of thoracic central vein occlusion in hemodialysis patients. The journal of vascular access 2023. link 68 Hunt A, Nguyen V, Bhandari S, Ponsioen T, McAllister IL, Arnold J et al.. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion 36-Month Outcomes with Anti-VEGF: The Fight Retinal Blindness! Registry. Ophthalmology. Retina 2023. link 69 Darche M, Verschueren A, Castro Farias D, Borella Y, Paques M. Confocal microscopy of telangiectatic capillaries (TelCaps) and other features of microvascular remodeling following branch retinal vein occlusion. Journal of anatomy 2023. link 70 O'Donovan C, Vyas N, Ghanchi F. Retinal Vein Occlusion with COVID-19: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 71 Díaz DE Terán T, González P, González M, Cerveró A, Nicolini A, Banfi P et al.. Risk factors in developing retinal vein occlusion in subject with obstructive sleep apnea. Minerva medica 2023. link 72 Murakami T, Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Morikawa S, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T et al.. Contrast sensitivity and quality of life following intravitreal ranibizumab injection for central retinal vein occlusion. The British journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 73 Çalışkan NE, Doğan M, Çalışkan A, Gobeka HH, Ay İE. Optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of retinal and optic disc microvascular morphological characteristics in retinal vein occlusion. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2023. link 74 Hunt AR, Nguyen V, Arnold JJ, McAllister IL, Mehta H, Invernizzi A et al.. Hemiretinal vein occlusion 12-month outcomes are unique with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors: data from the Fight Retinal Blindness! Registry. The British journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 75 Hunter A, Williams M. Long-term outcomes for patients treated for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review. BMJ open ophthalmology 2022. link 76 Patil NS, Hatamnejad A, Mihalache A, Popovic MM, Kertes PJ, Muni RH. Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment Compared with Steroid Treatment for Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2022. link 77 Ponder CM, Rather PA, Soliman MK, Jabbehdari S, Neuhouser A, Siddiqui MZ et al.. Intraoperative complications and visual outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with retinal vein occlusion: multicenter database study. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2022. link 78 Mun Y, Park C, Lee DY, Kim TM, Jin KW, Kim S et al.. Real-world treatment intensities and pathways of macular edema following retinal vein occlusion in Korea from Common Data Model in ophthalmology. Scientific reports 2022. link 79 Paciullo F, Menduno PS, Tucci D, Caricato A, Cagini C, Gresele P. Vitamin B12 levels in patients with retinal vein occlusion and their relation with clinical outcome: a retrospective study. Internal and emergency medicine 2022. link 80 Kazantzis D, Theodossiadis P, Kroupis C, Theodossiadis G, Chatziralli I. Vitamin B12 and Folate as Risk Factors for Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Meta-Analysis. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2022. link 81 Panigrahi PK. Off label intravitreal Brolucizumab in treatment of recurrent macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: A case report. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2022. link 82 Matsui Y, Imamura K, Ooka M, Chujo S, Mase Y, Matsubara H et al.. Classification of good visual acuity over time in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema using support vector machine. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2022. link 83 Liu Z, Perry LA, Penny-Dimri JC, Raveendran D, Hu ML, Arslan J et al.. The association of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio with retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta ophthalmologica 2022. link 84 Michl M, Fabianska M, Seeböck P, Sadeghipour A, Haj Najeeb B, Bogunovic H et al.. Automated quantification of macular fluid in retinal diseases and their response to anti-VEGF therapy. The British journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 85 Jeppesen SK, Bek T. Lack of predictive value of retinal oxygen saturation for visual outcome after angiostatic treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion. Acta ophthalmologica 2022. link 86 Cuadros Sánchez C, Egüen CS, Gutierrez-Ezquerro R, Giralt-Peret L, Fonollosa A. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Presumably Associated with Lupus Anticoagulant Induced by SARSCoV-2. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 87 Huang JM, Khurana RN, Ghanekar A, Wang PW, Day BM, Blodi BA et al.. Disease-modifying effects of ranibizumab for central retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2022. link 88 Nicholson L, Vazquez-Alfageme C, Sen P, Patrao NV, Peto T, Yang Y et al.. The clinical relevance of ultra-widefield angiography findings in patients with central retinal vein occlusion and macular oedema receiving anti-VEGF therapy. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 89 Garay-Aramburu G, Gómez-Moreno Á, Urcola A. Short-term effectiveness prognostic factors after dexamethasone intravitreal implant in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. European journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 90 Wu L, Acon D, Berrocal MH, Gallego-Pinazo R, Dolz-Marco R, Roca JA et al.. Five-year outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab of treatment-naive eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO in routine clinical practice: Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) group. International ophthalmology 2022. link 91 Bhambra N, Sayal AP, Popovic MM, Muni RH, Kertes PJ. Combination intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and macular laser photocoagulation relative to intravitreal injection monotherapy in macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 92 Trovato Battagliola E, Pacella F, Malvasi M, Scalinci SZ, Turchetti P, Pacella E et al.. Risk factors in central retinal vein occlusion: A multi-center case-control study conducted on the Italian population : Demographic, environmental, systemic, and ocular factors that increase the risk for major thrombotic events in the retinal venous system. European journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 93 Spooner KL, Fraser-Bell S, Hong T, Wong JG, Chang AA. Long-term outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment of retinal vein occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 94 Bayat AH, Akpolat Ç, Livan H, Bölükbaşı S, Elçioğlu MN. Comparison of the effects of aflibercept and dexamethasone in central retinal vein occlusion with serous retinal detachment. Clinical & experimental optometry 2022. link 95 Lotery A, Clemens A, Tuli R, Xu X, Shimura M, Nardi M et al.. Effectiveness and safety of ranibizumab in patients with central retinal vein occlusion: results from the real-world, global, LUMINOUS study. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 96 Niedzwiecki M, Hunt A, Nguyen V, Mehta H, Creuzot-Garcher C, Gabrielle PH et al.. 12-month outcomes of ranibizumab versus aflibercept for macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion: data from the FRB! registry. Acta ophthalmologica 2022. link 97 Hunt AR, Nguyen V, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Alforja S, Gabrielle PH, Zarranz-Ventura J et al.. Twelve-month outcomes of ranibizumab versus aflibercept for macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion: data from the FRB! registry. The British journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 98 Belamkar AV, Jabbehdari S, Harris A, Hajrasouliha AR. Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review. Acta ophthalmologica 2022. link 99 Wang J, Cui Y, Vingopoulos F, Kasetty M, Silverman RF, Katz R et al.. Disorganisation of retinal inner layers is associated with reduced contrast sensitivity in retinal vein occlusion. The British journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 100 Alis A, Guler Alis M. The effect of branch retinal vein occlusion on the vascular structure of the choroid. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2022. link

Original source

[1]
IMPACT OF SLEEP APNEA ON RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN INDIVIDUALS 55 AND YOUNGER: A Retrospective Cohort Study. — Shmushkevich SB, Berzack S, Bajrami S, Massoumi S, Hernandez G, Williams BK Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2026)
[2]
Geometric Decomposition of OCT Angiography in RVO: Unmasking Congestive Versus Compensatory Phenotypes and Deep Retina-Choroid Coupling. — Zhan J, Qiao D, Sun G, Li H, Huang X, Deng X et al. Translational vision science & technology (2026)
[3]
Retinal Characteristics in Eyes With Retinal Vein Occlusion Using Widefield Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. — Iby J, Kreminger J, Stino H, Niederleithner M, Yeghiazaryan L, Schlegl T et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science (2026)
[4]
Prognostic Value of Multimodal Imaging in Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Prospective Study from a North African Tertiary Center. — Ben Addou Idrissi S, Moutei H, Bennis A, Chraibi F, Abdellaoui M, Andaloussi IB Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2026)
[5]
Canagliflozin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation to protect the retinal neurovascular unit in a mouse retinal vein occlusion model. — Ma J, Liu X, Qin Y, Qu Y, Liu Q, Li J Experimental eye research (2026)
[6]
Six-month comparative outcomes of aflibercept and faricimab in treatment-naïve macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. — Hikichi T, Kurabe H, Notoya A, Oguro Y, Hirano M, Doi Y Japanese journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[7]
Macular Edema Resistance in Retinal Vein Occlusion and the Protective Role of PAMM Subtypes. — Cicinelli MV, Pepe EM, Tombolini B, Romanelli M, Albertini S, Decarlo MP et al. American journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[8]
SD-OCT-based biomarkers in predicting treatment outcomes of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with anti-VEGF therapy. — Tsang KK, Hui VWK, Pang CMK, Tang Z, Yang D, Nguyen TX et al. Acta ophthalmologica (2026)
[9]
Quantitative analysis of choroidal changes in retinal vein occlusion using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. — Bai G, Wei H, Li S International ophthalmology (2026)
[10]
Predicting treatment response in retinal vein occlusions using baseline optical coherence tomography biomarkers: A systematic review. — Hatamnejad A, Nanji K, Grad J, El-Sayes A, Mihalache A, Gemae M et al. Survey of ophthalmology (2026)
[11]
The serum level of leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion. — Jiang S, Zhang H, Sun X, Xie Y, Mao P, Jia Y Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy (2026)
[12]
Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab Combined with Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant Sequential Therapy for Macular Edema Secondary to Non-Ischemic Retinal Vein Occlusion. — Gao L, Cai X, Dang Y Drug design, development and therapy (2026)
[13]
Role of Autotaxin in the Pathogenesis of Retina Ischemia and Its Therapeutic Implications. — Terao R, Fujino R, Hayashi K, Suzuki T, Shimizu S, Yamagishi R et al. International journal of molecular sciences (2026)
[14]
Treatment patterns and long-term outcomes in anti-VEGF-treated macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective observational study. — Dinah C, Dodds M, Lotery A, Salvatore S, Fletcher E, Lake AVR et al. Eye (London, England) (2026)
[15]
EPIRETINAL MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY IN BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION WITH MACULAR EDEMA: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. — Bai W, Zhao Y, Zhang YY, Li JY, Zhu SS, Sun C et al. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2026)
[16]
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