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Nutrition533 papers

Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severe, persistent anemia despite adequate iron intake and supplementation, often requiring parenteral iron therapy due to impaired iron utilization 3 13.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Persistent anemia unresponsive to oral iron supplementation 3.

Laboratory Findings: Low serum iron, high transferrin saturation, and elevated ferritin levels despite anemia 10 3.

Genetic Testing: Identification of mutations in genes involved in iron metabolism, such as SLC40A1 (ferroportin) or HJV/HFE 13.

Differential Diagnosis: Exclude other causes of refractory anemia, including chronic disease, bleeding disorders, and other inherited anemias 13.

Management

First-Line Treatment: Intravenous iron therapy (e.g., ferric derisomaltose) for effective iron delivery 3.

Adjunctive Therapies: Consider erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in selected cases, though evidence is limited 13.

Monitoring: Regular assessment of iron parameters and hemoglobin levels to guide therapy adjustments 3.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Intravenous iron increasingly utilized for refractory cases in pediatric gastroenterology patients 3.

Pregnancy: Iron deficiency anemia management includes careful monitoring and intravenous iron when oral iron fails 17.

Comorbidities: Management strategies may need adaptation in patients with underlying chronic diseases affecting iron metabolism 13.

Key Recommendations

Genetic Testing: Identify underlying genetic mutations in patients with refractory iron deficiency anemia to guide specific management 13 (Evidence: Strong).

Intravenous Iron Therapy: Initiate intravenous iron supplementation for effective iron delivery in cases unresponsive to oral iron 3 (Evidence: Moderate).

Regular Monitoring: Closely monitor iron parameters and hemoglobin levels to assess treatment efficacy and adjust therapy accordingly 3 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

1 Rehman T, Agrawal R, Ahamed F, Das S, Mitra S, Kumar D et al.. Optimal dose and duration of iron supplementation for treating iron deficiency anaemia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2025. link 2 Clarke L, Froessler B, Tang C, King K, Ross B, Kidson-Gerber G et al.. Iron optimisation in pregnancy: a Haematology in Obstetric and Women's Health Collaborative consensus statement. Internal medicine journal 2025. link 3 Gianolio L, Emmitt S, Nwabueze M, Gillett P, Merrick V, Rabone R et al.. Initial effectiveness and safety data on intravenous ferric derisomaltose for iron deficiency anaemia management in paediatric gastroenterology patients: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Archives of disease in childhood 2025. link 4 King HL, Benedetti GB, Barisic S, Tan V, Piatski ME, Berkowitz JM et al.. The impact of hematology electronic consultations on the management of iron deficiency. European journal of haematology 2024. link 5 Liu SX, Calixto Mancipe N, Gisslen T, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Identification of Genes Responding to Iron or Choline Treatment for Early-Life Iron Deficiency in the Male Rat Hippocampal Transcriptomes. The Journal of nutrition 2024. link 6 Bortolus R, Filippini F, Chiaffarino F, Udali S, Rinaldi M, Gandini G et al.. Lifestyle and dietary factors, iron status and one-carbon metabolism polymorphisms in a sample of Italian women and men attending a Transfusion Medicine Unit: a cross-sectional study. The British journal of nutrition 2023. link 7 Liu SX, Fredrickson TK, Calixto Mancipe N, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Sex-Specific Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Prenatal Choline Treatment on Adult Rat Hippocampal Transcriptome. Nutrients 2023. link 8 OjiNjideka Hemphill N, Pezley L, Steffen A, Elam G, Kominiarek MA, Odoms-Young A et al.. Feasibility Study of . Nutrients 2023. link 9 Jack ML, Sumrall K, Nasrallah C, Stuckey D, Jotwani V. Analysis of Serum Ferritin Levels in a Group of Elite Ballet Dancers. Journal of dance medicine & science : official publication of the International Association for Dance Medicine & Science 2023. link 10 Mordue KE, Hector Y, Thomas DW, De La Salle BJ. UK NEQAS Haematology pilot scheme: Reticulocyte haemoglobin content quantitation. International journal of laboratory hematology 2022. link 11 Mogire RM, Muriuki JM, Morovat A, Mentzer AJ, Webb EL, Kimita W et al.. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children. Nutrients 2022. link 12 Ahmad Fuzi SF, Su Peng L, Zabaha Zalbahar N, Ab Manan N, Mohamad Alwi MN. Effect of vitamin D3-fortified fruit juice supplementation of 4000 IU daily on the recovery of iron status in childbearing-aged women with marginally low iron stores: Protocol for an 8-week, parallel group, double-blind randomized controlled trial. PloS one 2022. link 13 Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, Cannings D, Kightley C, Logan RP et al.. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut 2021. link 14 Rogozińska E, Daru J, Nicolaides M, Amezcua-Prieto C, Robinson S, Wang R et al.. Iron preparations for women of reproductive age with iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy (FRIDA): a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. Haematology 2021. link00137-X) 15 Peace CG, O'Neill LAJ. Ironing Out Vaccine Efficacy. Med (New York, N.Y.) 2021. link 16 Rolf K, Januszko O, Frąckiewicz J, Madej D, Kaluza J. The Influence of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on Iron Apparent Absorption in Rats Fed Vitamins and Minerals Reduced Diets. Biological trace element research 2021. link 17 Smith-Wade S, Kidson-Gerber G, Shand A, Grzeskowiak L, Henry A. The use of intravenous iron in pregnancy: for whom and when? A survey of Australian and New Zealand obstetricians. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2020. link 18 Dangel T, Kmieć T, Januszaniec A, Ważny B. Palliative care in 9 children with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2020. link 19 Lewis CA, de Jersey S, Seymour M, Hopkins G, Hickman I, Osland E. Iron, Vitamin B. Obesity surgery 2020. link 20 Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Surała O, Orysiak J, Turowski D, Szczepańska B, Tomaszewski P. Utility of Novel Hypochromia and Microcythemia Markers in Classifying Hematological and Iron Status in Male Athletes. Nutrients 2019. link 21 Lovell AL, Davies PSW, Hill RJ, Milne T, Matsuyama M, Jiang Y et al.. Compared with Cow Milk, a Growing-Up Milk Increases Vitamin D and Iron Status in Healthy Children at 2 Years of Age: The Growing-Up Milk-Lite (GUMLi) Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of nutrition 2018. link 22 Carter RC, Kupka R, Manji K, McDonald CM, Aboud S, Erhardt JG et al.. Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. European journal of clinical nutrition 2018. link 23 Fazal MW, Andrews JM, Thomas J, Saffouri E. Inpatient iron deficiency detection and management: how do general physicians and gastroenterologists perform in a tertiary care hospital?. Internal medicine journal 2017. link 24 De-Regil LM, Jefferds MED, Peña-Rosas JP. Point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school-age. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017. link 25 Chatterjee R, Shand A, Nassar N, Walls M, Khambalia AZ. Iron supplement use in pregnancy - Are the right women taking the right amount?. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2016. link 26 Camaschella C. Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2015. link 27 Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, Decsi T, Fewtrell M et al.. Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2014. link 28 Chen K, Zhang L, Luo HY, Wang J, Li Q, Mao M. No enhancing effect of vitamin A administration on iron absorption or body total iron content in preschool children from Chengdu, China. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 2014. link 29 García-Casal MN, Leets I. Carotenoids, but not vitamin A, improve iron uptake and ferritin synthesis by Caco-2 cells from ferrous fumarate and NaFe-EDTA. Journal of food science 2014. link 30 Waldvogel-Abramovski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B et al.. Iron and transfusion medicine. Blood reviews 2013. link 31 Konz T, Alonso-García J, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A. Comparison of copper labeling followed by liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and immunochemical assays for serum hepcidin-25 determination. Analytica chimica acta 2013. link 32 Joshi M, Gumashta R. Weekly iron folate supplementation in adolescent girls--an effective nutritional measure for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Global journal of health science 2013. link 33 Kroot JJ, van Herwaarden AE, Tjalsma H, Jansen RT, Hendriks JC, Swinkels DW. Second round robin for plasma hepcidin methods: first steps toward harmonization. American journal of hematology 2012. link 34 Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 2011. link 35 Alférez MJ, Díaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I, Rodríguez-Ferrer M, Pérez-Sánchez LJ, Campos MS. Development of nutritional iron deficiency in growing male rats: haematological parameters, iron bioavailability and oxidative defence. The British journal of nutrition 2011. link 36 De-Regil LM, Jefferds ME, Sylvetsky AC, Dowswell T. Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2011. link 37 Peeling P, Dawson B, Goodman C, Landers G, Trinder D. Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones. European journal of applied physiology 2008. link 38 Atanassova BD, Tzatchev KN. Ascorbic acid--important for iron metabolism. Folia medica 2008. link 39 Skoczynska A, Kwiecinska D, Kielbinski M, Lukaszewski M. Acute iron poisoning in adult female. Human & experimental toxicology 2007. link 40 Finkelstein Y, Wahl MS, Bentur Y, Schechter T, Garty BZ, Erickson TB et al.. Universal versus selective iron supplementation for infants and the risk of unintentional poisoning in young children: a comparative study of two populations. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2007. link 41 Gargari BP, Razavieh SV, Mahboob S, Niknafs B, Kooshavar H. Effect of retinol on iron bioavailability from Iranian bread in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2006. link 42 Khambalia A, Latulippe ME, Campos C, Merlos C, Villalpando S, Picciano MF et al.. Milk folate secretion is not impaired during iron deficiency in humans. The Journal of nutrition 2006. link 43 Suedekum NA, Dimeff RJ. Iron and the athlete. Current sports medicine reports 2005. link 44 Angeles-Agdeppa I, Paulino LS, Ramos AC, Etorma UM, Cavalli-Sforza T, Milani S. Government-industry partnership in weekly iron-folic acid supplementation for women of reproductive age in the Philippines: impact on iron status. Nutrition reviews 2005. link 45 Fallon KE. Utility of hematological and iron-related screening in elite athletes. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2004. link 46 Milman N, Pedersen AN, Ovesen L, Schroll M. Iron status in 358 apparently healthy 80-year-old Danish men and women: relation to food composition and dietary and supplemental iron intake. Annals of hematology 2004. link 47 Patterson RN, Johnston SD. Iron deficiency anaemia: are the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines being adhered to?. Postgraduate medical journal 2003. link 48 Takala TI, Suominen P, Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Möttönen T, Viikari J, Rajamäki A et al.. Increased serum soluble transferrin receptor concentration detects subclinical iron deficiency in healthy adolescent girls. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2003. link 49 Teece S, Crawford I. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Gastric lavage in iron overdose. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2002. link 50 Kasvosve I, Delanghe J. Total iron binding capacity and transferrin concentration in the assessment of iron status. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2002. link 51 Heath AL, Skeaff CM, Williams S, Gibson RS. The role of blood loss and diet in the aetiology of mild iron deficiency in premenopausal adult New Zealand women. Public health nutrition 2001. link 52 Baker WF. Iron deficiency in pregnancy, obstetrics, and gynecology. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America 2000. link70171-4) 53 Gottschalk R, Wigand R, Dietrich CF, Oremek G, Liebisch F, Hoelzer D et al.. Total iron-binding capacity and serum transferrin determination under the influence of several clinical conditions. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2000. link00242-9) 54 Watanabe K, Muranishi N, Murata Y, Orino K, Okano S, Yamamoto S. Biochemical properties of canine serum ferritin: iron content and nonbinding to concanavalin A. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 2000. link 55 Milman N, Byg KE, Ovesen L. Iron status in Danes 1994. II: Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in 1319 Danish women aged 40-70 years. Influence of blood donation, alcohol intake and iron supplementation. Annals of hematology 2000. link 56 Milman N, Ovesen L, Byg K, Graudal N. Iron status in Danes updated 1994. I: prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in 1332 men aged 40-70 years. Influence Of blood donation, alcohol intake, and iron supplementation. Annals of hematology 1999. link 57 Artiss JD, Yang WC, Harake B, Capellari E, Kretch C, Eisenbrey AB et al.. Application of a sensitive and specific reagent for the determination of serum iron to the Bayer DAX48. American journal of clinical pathology 1997. link 58 Torrance C, Jordan S. Bionursing: signs of iron deficiency. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 1995. link 59 Moore DF, Sears DA. Pica, iron deficiency, and the medical history. The American journal of medicine 1994. link90309-3) 60 Palmer G. Weaning. Any old iron. Health visitor 1993. link 61 Duggan MB. Cause and cure for iron deficiency in toddlers. Health visitor 1993. link 62 Seabrook N. Action to avoid an unnecessary outcome. Identifying iron deficiency in children. Professional nurse (London, England) 1992. link 63 d'Onofrio G, Zini G, Ricerca BM, Mancini S, Mango G. Automated measurement of red blood cell microcytosis and hypochromia in iron deficiency and beta-thalassemia trait. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 1992. link 64 Milman N, Kirchhoff M. Iron stores in 1359, 30- to 60-year-old Danish women: evaluation by serum ferritin and hemoglobin. Annals of hematology 1992. link 65 Arbiter EA, Black D. Pica and iron-deficiency anaemia. Child: care, health and development 1991. link 66 Donaldson AB, Grigor MR. Charge forms of serum and whey transferrin in rat differ in the sialic acid content of their glycan chains: immunological implications. Biochemistry international 1991. link 67 Milman N, Kirchhoff M. Influence of blood donation on iron stores assessed by serum ferritin and haemoglobin in a population survey of 1433 Danish males. European journal of haematology 1991. link 68 Welch S. A comparison of the structure and properties of serum transferrin from 17 animal species. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry 1990. link90138-j) 69 Winkles J, Jones AF, Winyard P, Blake DR, Lunec J. An automated method for the kinetic measurement of ferroxidase activity. Annals of clinical biochemistry 1988. link 70 Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Downes R, Brubacher D, Sutcliffe V, Thurnhill A. Running performance in Gambian children: effects of water-soluble vitamins or iron. European journal of clinical nutrition 1988. link 71 Oski FA. Iron deficiency--facts and fallacies. Pediatric clinics of North America 1985. link34799-x) 72 Babior BM, Peters WA, Briden PM, Cetrulo CL. Pregnant women's absorption of iron from prenatal supplements. The Journal of reproductive medicine 1985. link 73 Wishnitzer R, Vorst E, Berrebi A. Bone marrow iron depression in competitive distance runners. International journal of sports medicine 1983. link 74 Paulev PE, Jordal R, Pedersen NS. Dermal excretion of iron in intensely training athletes. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 1983. link90071-2) 75 Sintes JL, Miller SA. Growth, development and dental caries in rats fed two experimental diets. Archivos latinoamericanos de nutricion 1983. link 76 Dufaux B, Hoederath A, Streitberger I, Hollmann W, Assmann G. Serum ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and iron in middle- and long-distance runners, elite rowers, and professional racing cyclists. International journal of sports medicine 1981. link 77 Busuttil A, Kerr AI, Logan RW. Iron deficiency in children undergoing adenoid-tonsillectomy. The Journal of laryngology and otology 1979. link 78 Edgerton VR, Gardner GW, Ohira Y, Gunawardena KA, Senewiratne B. Iron-deficiency anaemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns. British medical journal 1979. link 79 . Recommendations for measurement of serum iron in human blood. British journal of haematology 1978. link 80 Taylor JJ. Phlebotomy and iron deficiency. The Practitioner 1976. link 81 Likhite V, Rodvien R, Crosby WH. Depressed phagocytic function exhibited by polymorphonuclear leucocytes from chronically iron deficient rabbits. British journal of haematology 1976. link 82 Manoguerra AS. Iron poisoning: report of a fatal case in an adult. American journal of hospital pharmacy 1976. link 83 Brozović B, Purcell Y. An automated micromethod for measuring iron concentration in serum using thioglycollic acid and bathophenantroline sulphonate. Journal of clinical pathology 1974. link 84 Glover J, Jacobs A. Activity pattern of iron-deficient rats. British medical journal 1972. link

Original source

[1]
Optimal dose and duration of iron supplementation for treating iron deficiency anaemia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Rehman T, Agrawal R, Ahamed F, Das S, Mitra S, Kumar D et al. PloS one (2025)
[2]
Iron optimisation in pregnancy: a Haematology in Obstetric and Women's Health Collaborative consensus statement. — Clarke L, Froessler B, Tang C, King K, Ross B, Kidson-Gerber G et al. Internal medicine journal (2025)
[3]
Initial effectiveness and safety data on intravenous ferric derisomaltose for iron deficiency anaemia management in paediatric gastroenterology patients: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. — Gianolio L, Emmitt S, Nwabueze M, Gillett P, Merrick V, Rabone R et al. Archives of disease in childhood (2025)
[4]
The impact of hematology electronic consultations on the management of iron deficiency. — King HL, Benedetti GB, Barisic S, Tan V, Piatski ME, Berkowitz JM et al. European journal of haematology (2024)
[5]
Identification of Genes Responding to Iron or Choline Treatment for Early-Life Iron Deficiency in the Male Rat Hippocampal Transcriptomes. — Liu SX, Calixto Mancipe N, Gisslen T, Georgieff MK, Tran PV The Journal of nutrition (2024)
[6]
Lifestyle and dietary factors, iron status and one-carbon metabolism polymorphisms in a sample of Italian women and men attending a Transfusion Medicine Unit: a cross-sectional study. — Bortolus R, Filippini F, Chiaffarino F, Udali S, Rinaldi M, Gandini G et al. The British journal of nutrition (2023)
[7]
Sex-Specific Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Prenatal Choline Treatment on Adult Rat Hippocampal Transcriptome. — Liu SX, Fredrickson TK, Calixto Mancipe N, Georgieff MK, Tran PV Nutrients (2023)
[8]
Feasibility Study of — OjiNjideka Hemphill N, Pezley L, Steffen A, Elam G, Kominiarek MA, Odoms-Young A et al. Nutrients (2023)
[9]
Analysis of Serum Ferritin Levels in a Group of Elite Ballet Dancers. — Jack ML, Sumrall K, Nasrallah C, Stuckey D, Jotwani V Journal of dance medicine & science : official publication of the International Association for Dance Medicine & Science (2023)
[10]
UK NEQAS Haematology pilot scheme: Reticulocyte haemoglobin content quantitation. — Mordue KE, Hector Y, Thomas DW, De La Salle BJ International journal of laboratory hematology (2022)
[11]
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children. — Mogire RM, Muriuki JM, Morovat A, Mentzer AJ, Webb EL, Kimita W et al. Nutrients (2022)
[12]
Effect of vitamin D3-fortified fruit juice supplementation of 4000 IU daily on the recovery of iron status in childbearing-aged women with marginally low iron stores: Protocol for an 8-week, parallel group, double-blind randomized controlled trial. — Ahmad Fuzi SF, Su Peng L, Zabaha Zalbahar N, Ab Manan N, Mohamad Alwi MN PloS one (2022)
[13]
British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. — Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, Cannings D, Kightley C, Logan RP et al. Gut (2021)
[14]
Iron preparations for women of reproductive age with iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy (FRIDA): a systematic review and network meta-analysis. — Rogozińska E, Daru J, Nicolaides M, Amezcua-Prieto C, Robinson S, Wang R et al. The Lancet. Haematology (2021)
[15]
Ironing Out Vaccine Efficacy. — Peace CG, O'Neill LAJ Med (New York, N.Y.) (2021)
[16]
The Influence of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on Iron Apparent Absorption in Rats Fed Vitamins and Minerals Reduced Diets. — Rolf K, Januszko O, Frąckiewicz J, Madej D, Kaluza J Biological trace element research (2021)
[17]
The use of intravenous iron in pregnancy: for whom and when? A survey of Australian and New Zealand obstetricians. — Smith-Wade S, Kidson-Gerber G, Shand A, Grzeskowiak L, Henry A BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2020)
[18]
Palliative care in 9 children with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. — Dangel T, Kmieć T, Januszaniec A, Ważny B Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2020)
[19]
Iron, Vitamin B — Lewis CA, de Jersey S, Seymour M, Hopkins G, Hickman I, Osland E Obesity surgery (2020)
[20]
Utility of Novel Hypochromia and Microcythemia Markers in Classifying Hematological and Iron Status in Male Athletes. — Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Surała O, Orysiak J, Turowski D, Szczepańska B, Tomaszewski P Nutrients (2019)
[21]
Compared with Cow Milk, a Growing-Up Milk Increases Vitamin D and Iron Status in Healthy Children at 2 Years of Age: The Growing-Up Milk-Lite (GUMLi) Randomized Controlled Trial. — Lovell AL, Davies PSW, Hill RJ, Milne T, Matsuyama M, Jiang Y et al. The Journal of nutrition (2018)
[22]
Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. — Carter RC, Kupka R, Manji K, McDonald CM, Aboud S, Erhardt JG et al. European journal of clinical nutrition (2018)
[23]
Inpatient iron deficiency detection and management: how do general physicians and gastroenterologists perform in a tertiary care hospital? — Fazal MW, Andrews JM, Thomas J, Saffouri E Internal medicine journal (2017)
[24]
Point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school-age. — De-Regil LM, Jefferds MED, Peña-Rosas JP The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2017)
[25]
Iron supplement use in pregnancy - Are the right women taking the right amount? — Chatterjee R, Shand A, Nassar N, Walls M, Khambalia AZ Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) (2016)
[26]
Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment. — Camaschella C Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program (2015)
[27]
Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. — Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, Decsi T, Fewtrell M et al. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2014)
[28]
No enhancing effect of vitamin A administration on iron absorption or body total iron content in preschool children from Chengdu, China. — Chen K, Zhang L, Luo HY, Wang J, Li Q, Mao M Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology (2014)
[29]
Carotenoids, but not vitamin A, improve iron uptake and ferritin synthesis by Caco-2 cells from ferrous fumarate and NaFe-EDTA. — García-Casal MN, Leets I Journal of food science (2014)
[30]
Iron and transfusion medicine. — Waldvogel-Abramovski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B et al. Blood reviews (2013)
[31]
Comparison of copper labeling followed by liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and immunochemical assays for serum hepcidin-25 determination. — Konz T, Alonso-García J, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A Analytica chimica acta (2013)
[32]
Weekly iron folate supplementation in adolescent girls--an effective nutritional measure for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. — Joshi M, Gumashta R Global journal of health science (2013)
[33]
Second round robin for plasma hepcidin methods: first steps toward harmonization. — Kroot JJ, van Herwaarden AE, Tjalsma H, Jansen RT, Hendriks JC, Swinkels DW American journal of hematology (2012)
[34]
Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. — Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB Gut (2011)
[35]
Development of nutritional iron deficiency in growing male rats: haematological parameters, iron bioavailability and oxidative defence. — Alférez MJ, Díaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I, Rodríguez-Ferrer M, Pérez-Sánchez LJ, Campos MS The British journal of nutrition (2011)
[36]
Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age. — De-Regil LM, Jefferds ME, Sylvetsky AC, Dowswell T The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2011)
[37]
Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones. — Peeling P, Dawson B, Goodman C, Landers G, Trinder D European journal of applied physiology (2008)
[38]
Ascorbic acid--important for iron metabolism. — Atanassova BD, Tzatchev KN Folia medica (2008)
[39]
Acute iron poisoning in adult female. — Skoczynska A, Kwiecinska D, Kielbinski M, Lukaszewski M Human & experimental toxicology (2007)
[40]
Universal versus selective iron supplementation for infants and the risk of unintentional poisoning in young children: a comparative study of two populations. — Finkelstein Y, Wahl MS, Bentur Y, Schechter T, Garty BZ, Erickson TB et al. The Annals of pharmacotherapy (2007)
[41]
Effect of retinol on iron bioavailability from Iranian bread in a Caco-2 cell culture model. — Gargari BP, Razavieh SV, Mahboob S, Niknafs B, Kooshavar H Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2006)
[42]
Milk folate secretion is not impaired during iron deficiency in humans. — Khambalia A, Latulippe ME, Campos C, Merlos C, Villalpando S, Picciano MF et al. The Journal of nutrition (2006)
[43]
Iron and the athlete. — Suedekum NA, Dimeff RJ Current sports medicine reports (2005)
[44]
Government-industry partnership in weekly iron-folic acid supplementation for women of reproductive age in the Philippines: impact on iron status. — Angeles-Agdeppa I, Paulino LS, Ramos AC, Etorma UM, Cavalli-Sforza T, Milani S Nutrition reviews (2005)
[45]
Utility of hematological and iron-related screening in elite athletes. — Fallon KE Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine (2004)
[46]
Iron status in 358 apparently healthy 80-year-old Danish men and women: relation to food composition and dietary and supplemental iron intake. — Milman N, Pedersen AN, Ovesen L, Schroll M Annals of hematology (2004)
[47]
Iron deficiency anaemia: are the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines being adhered to? — Patterson RN, Johnston SD Postgraduate medical journal (2003)
[48]
Increased serum soluble transferrin receptor concentration detects subclinical iron deficiency in healthy adolescent girls. — Takala TI, Suominen P, Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Möttönen T, Viikari J, Rajamäki A et al. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (2003)
[49]
Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Gastric lavage in iron overdose. — Teece S, Crawford I Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2002)
[50]
Total iron binding capacity and transferrin concentration in the assessment of iron status. — Kasvosve I, Delanghe J Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (2002)
[51]
The role of blood loss and diet in the aetiology of mild iron deficiency in premenopausal adult New Zealand women. — Heath AL, Skeaff CM, Williams S, Gibson RS Public health nutrition (2001)
[52]
Iron deficiency in pregnancy, obstetrics, and gynecology. — Baker WF Hematology/oncology clinics of North America (2000)
[53]
Total iron-binding capacity and serum transferrin determination under the influence of several clinical conditions. — Gottschalk R, Wigand R, Dietrich CF, Oremek G, Liebisch F, Hoelzer D et al. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (2000)
[54]
Biochemical properties of canine serum ferritin: iron content and nonbinding to concanavalin A. — Watanabe K, Muranishi N, Murata Y, Orino K, Okano S, Yamamoto S Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine (2000)
[55]
Iron status in Danes 1994. II: Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in 1319 Danish women aged 40-70 years. Influence of blood donation, alcohol intake and iron supplementation. — Milman N, Byg KE, Ovesen L Annals of hematology (2000)
[56]
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