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Cardiology782 papers

Traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a serious complication primarily affecting very preterm infants, characterized by bleeding within the brain's ventricles, often leading to neurological deficits and hydrocephalus. 1 2 3 20

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms include altered consciousness, seizures, and signs of increased intracranial pressure.

Imaging: Cranial ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, with MRI increasingly used for detailed assessment. 2 20 36

Grading: IVH is typically graded from I to IV based on the extent and location of hemorrhage observed on imaging. 2 20

Management

First-Line Treatments: Supportive care including maintenance of adequate oxygenation, fluid management, and prevention of secondary brain injury.

Pharmacological Interventions:

- Erythropoietin (EPO): Low and sustained doses shown to prevent IVH in preterm infants. 10 - Tranexamic Acid: Potential role in traumatic hemorrhage management, though optimal dosing strategies are still under investigation. 11 - Azithromycin: Reduces hemoglobin-induced innate neuroimmune activation, potentially mitigating secondary injury. 15

Surgical Interventions:

- Neuroendoscopic Lavage (NEL): Effective for managing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. 16 18 - External Ventricular Drainage (EVD): Used for severe cases to evacuate blood clots and manage intracranial pressure. 7 22

Special Populations

Preterm Infants: High risk of IVH inversely correlated with gestational age; prophylactic strategies like EPO and indomethacin are considered. 10 33

Comorbidities: Metabolic acidosis in the first 72 hours of life is associated with increased risk of IVH in preterm neonates. 45

Key Recommendations

Use Low-Dose EPO Prophylactically: Administer low and sustained doses of erythropoietin to preterm infants to reduce the risk of IVH. (Evidence: Strong 10)

Consider Neuroendoscopic Techniques: Employ neuroendoscopic lavage or external ventricular drainage for managing severe IVH and associated hydrocephalus. (Evidence: Moderate 16 18)

Monitor Metabolic Status: Closely monitor and manage metabolic acidosis in preterm neonates to mitigate the risk of IVH. (Evidence: Moderate 45)

Supportive Care is Essential: Focus on supportive care measures including optimal oxygenation and fluid management to prevent secondary brain injury. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 327 indexed papers.

1 Keel E, Kalimeris S, Adams M, Grass B. The association between mode of delivery and severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2026. link 2 Shapira-Rootman M, Bar Efimovski O, Merhav G. Hyperechoic ependyma in preterm infants: sonographic features associated with ependymal injury and complex hydrocephalus. Pediatric radiology 2026. link 3 Atienza-Navarro I, Maeso L, Del Marco A, Raya-Marin A, Benavente-Fernandez I, Lubian-Lopez S et al.. Exposure to enriched environment and parental care ameliorates brain pathology and behavioral impairment after germinal-matrix intraventricular hemorrhage. Molecular psychiatry 2026. link 4 Zamproni LN, Gökçe B, Gram M, Holliday C, Sendemir A, Porcionatto MA et al.. Subventricular Zone-on-a-Chip: A Model to Study Neurogenesis Disruption in Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 5 Gallipoli A, Unger S, El Shahed A, Fan CS, Signorile M, Wilson D et al.. Outcomes after intranasal human milk therapy in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2025. link 6 Atienza-Navarro I, Del Marco A, Alves-Martinez P, Garcia-Perez MLA, Raya-Marin A, Benavente-Fernandez I et al.. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitor VP3.15 Ameliorates Neurogenesis, Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Germinal Matrix-intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn. Translational stroke research 2025. link 7 Mo J, Shen H, Yang T, Xu D, Xing R, Wang B et al.. Endoport-Assisted Endoscopic Technique for Evacuating Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage with Cast Third Ventricle Hematoma in an Underwater Field: A Technical Note. World neurosurgery 2025. link 8 Zhang T, Xia F, Wan Y, Xi G, Ya H, Keep RF. Complement Inhibition Reduces Early Erythrolysis, Attenuates Brain Injury, Hydrocephalus, and Iron Accumulation after Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Aged Rats. Translational stroke research 2025. link 9 Kahraman Özlü EB, Durmuş K, Mutlu ET, Akar E, Tural S, Çalışaneller AT. Relationship between NLR (Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio) value and clinical outcome in patients with external ventricular drainage due to intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurocirugia 2025. link 10 Arias Fernández DA, Romero Diaz HA, Figueroa Garnica AD, Iturri-Soliz P, Arias-Reyes C, Schneider Gasser EM et al.. Low and sustained doses of erythropoietin prevent preterm infants from intraventricular hemorrhage. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 2025. link 11 Gunn F, Stevenson R, Almuwallad A, Rossetto A, Vulliamy P, Brohi K et al.. A comparative analysis of tranexamic acid dosing strategies in traumatic major hemorrhage. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2024. link 12 Shiono A, Bonno M, Toyoda H, Ogawa M, Tanaka S, Hirayama M. Autonomic Nervous System in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Neonates with Intraventricular Hemorrhage. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 13 Li Y, Nan D, Liu R, Li J, Zhang Z, Deng J et al.. Aquaporin 4 Mediates the Effect of Iron Overload on Hydrocephalus After Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Neurocritical care 2024. link 14 Holste KG, Ye F, Koduri S, Garton HJL, Maher CO, Keep RF et al.. Attenuation of ventriculomegaly and iron overload after intraventricular hemorrhage by membrane attack complex inhibition. Journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 15 Pandya CD, Vekaria HJ, Zamorano M, Trout AL, Ritzel RM, Guzman GU et al.. Azithromycin reduces hemoglobin-induced innate neuroimmune activation. Experimental neurology 2024. link 16 Hall BJ, Duddy JC, Apostolopoulou K, Pettorini B. A tailored approach to the management of post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2024. link 17 Tanaka K, Matsumoto S, Minamitani Y, Imamura H, Yoshimatsu H, Nakamura T et al.. Changes in Internal Cerebral Vein Pulsation and Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Extremely Preterm Infants. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 18 Islas-Aguilar MA, Torrez-Corzo JGA, Chalita-Williams JC, Cervantes DS, Vinas-Rios J. Neuroendoscopic Lavage and Third Ventriculostomy for the Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Hydrocephalus in Neonates. A Prospective Study with 18 Months of Follow-Up. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2024. link 19 Venkatraman V, Harward SC, Bhasin S, Calderon K, Atkins SL, Liu B et al.. Ratios of head circumference to ventricular size vary over time and predict eventual need for CSF diversion in intraventricular hemorrhage of prematurity. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2024. link 20 Essibayi MA, Ibrahim Abdallah O, Mortezaei A, Zaidi SE, Vaishnav D, Cherian J et al.. Natural History, Pathophysiology, and Recent Management Modalities of Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Journal of intensive care medicine 2024. link 21 Rees P, Callan C, Chadda KR, Diviney J, Harnden F, Gardiner J et al.. Childhood outcomes after low-grade intraventricular haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2024. link 22 Shao X, Bai J, Ji A, Sun W. Retrospective analysis of medical emergencies in an oral emergency department. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2023. link 23 Lu VM, Wang S, Niazi TN, Ragheb J. Impact of intraventricular hemorrhage symmetry on endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: an institutional experience of 50 cases. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2023. link 24 Ramagiri S, Pan S, DeFreitas D, Yang PH, Raval DK, Wozniak DF et al.. Deferoxamine Prevents Neonatal Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Through Choroid Plexus-Mediated Iron Clearance. Translational stroke research 2023. link 25 Zanelli SA, Abubakar M, Andris R, Patwardhan K, Fairchild KD, Vesoulis ZA. Early Vital Sign Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage. American journal of perinatology 2023. link 26 Covrig RC, Schellinger PD, Glahn J, Alomari A, Schmieder K, Wiese M et al.. Shunt Dependence after Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Intraventricular Fibrinolysis with uPA versus rt-PA. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2023. link 27 Hacnik J, Cambron J, Mier C. Use of FemoStop device in the setting of inguinal trauma. The American journal of emergency medicine 2023. link 28 Al-Haddad BJS, Bergam B, Johnson A, Kolnik S, Thompson T, Perez KM et al.. Effectiveness of a care bundle for primary prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in high-risk neonates: a Bayesian analysis. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2023. link 29 Puglisi CH, Ander BP, Peterson C, Keiter JA, Hull H, Hawk CW et al.. Sustained ICP Elevation Is a Driver of Spatial Memory Deficits After Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Leads to Activation of Distinct Microglial Signaling Pathways. Translational stroke research 2023. link 30 Cao Y, Liu C, Li G, Gao W, Tang H, Fan S et al.. Metformin Alleviates Delayed Hydrocephalus after Intraventricular Hemorrhage by Inhibiting Inflammation and Fibrosis. Translational stroke research 2023. link 31 Williams C, Warnes P, Jary S, Young G, Blair PS, Benton CP et al.. Vision function in children 10 years after grade 3 or 4 intraventricular haemorrhage with ventricular dilation: A masked prospective study. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2023. link 32 Simovic MO, Falabella MJ, Le TD, DalleLucca JJ, Li Y. Decay-Accelerating Factor Creates an Organ-Protective Phenotype after Hemorrhage in Conscious Rats. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 33 Lin T, Ding L, Lin Y, Liu C, Wang C, Wu D et al.. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4-NF-κB signaling by TAK-242 attenuates hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage. International immunopharmacology 2022. link 34 Lai GY, Abdelmageed S, DeRegnier RO, Gaebler-Spira D, Dizon MLV, Lam SK. Degree of ventriculomegaly predicts school-aged functional outcomes in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Pediatric research 2022. link 35 Ishiguro A, Sasaki A, Motojima Y, Oka S, Nishiguchi R, Nakagawa R et al.. Randomized Trial of Perfusion-Based Circulatory Management in Infants of Very Low Birth Weight. The Journal of pediatrics 2022. link 36 Goeral K, Kasprian G, Hüning BM, Waldhoer T, Fuiko R, Schmidbauer V et al.. A novel magnetic resonance imaging-based scoring system to predict outcome in neonates born preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2022. link 37 Morris H, Magers N, Saunders S, Vesoulis Z. Potential risk modifiers for severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birthweight infants requiring transport. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 38 Soeyland T, Hollott JD, Garner A. External Aortic Compression in Noncompressible Truncal Hemorrhage and Traumatic Cardiac Arrest: A Scoping Review. Annals of emergency medicine 2022. link 39 Gupta N, Epstein A, Reed D, Homer N, Blaydon S, Alford J et al.. Acute retrobulbar hemorrhage after tooth extraction: Case report and treatment of a rare condition. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry 2022. link 40 Hemmati F, Sharma D, Namavar Jahromi B, Salarian L, Farahbakhsh N. Delayed cord clamping for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: a randomized control trial. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 41 Ahn SY, Sung DK, Kim YE, Sung S, Chang YS, Park WS. Brain-derived neurotropic factor mediates neuroprotection of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles against severe intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn rats. Stem cells translational medicine 2021. link 42 Nataraj P, Svojsik M, Sura L, Curry K, Bliznyuk N, Rajderkar D et al.. Comparing head ultrasounds and susceptibility-weighted imaging for the detection of low-grade hemorrhages in preterm infants. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2021. link 43 Leijser LM, Scott JN, Roychoudhury S, Zein H, Murthy P, Thomas SP et al.. Post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: inter-observer reliability of ventricular size measurements in extremely preterm infants. Pediatric research 2021. link 44 Vesoulis ZA, Whitehead HV, Liao SM, Mathur AM. The hidden consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage: persistent cerebral desaturation after IVH in preterm infants. Pediatric research 2021. link 45 Goswami IR, Abou Mehrem A, Scott J, Esser MJ, Mohammad K. Metabolic acidosis rather than hypo/hypercapnia in the first 72 hours of life associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 46 Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage of preterm infants: neurodevelopmental and motor outcome. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 47 Porter AL, Ebot J, Lane K, Mooney LH, Lannen AM, Richie EM et al.. Enhancing the Informed Consent Process Using Shared Decision Making and Consent Refusal Data from the CLEAR III Trial. Neurocritical care 2020. link 48 Grevsen AK, Hviid CVB, Hansen AK, Hvas AM. The Role of Platelets in Premature Neonates with Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2020. link 49 Lo M, Kishimoto J, Eagleson R, Bhattacharya S, de Ribaupierre S. Does ventricular volume affect the neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage?. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2020. link 50 Beijst C, Dudink J, Wientjes R, Benavente-Fernandez I, Groenendaal F, Brouwer MJ et al.. Two-dimensional ultrasound measurements vs. magnetic resonance imaging-derived ventricular volume of preterm infants with germinal matrix intraventricular haemorrhage. Pediatric radiology 2020. link 51 Behmanesh B, Gessler F, Dubinski D, Quick-Weller J, Cattani A, Schubert-Bast S et al.. First clinical experience with the new noninvasive transfontanelle ICP monitoring device in management of children with premature IVH. Neurosurgical review 2020. link 52 Mei L, Fengqun M, Qian H, Dongpo S, Zhenzhong G, Tong C. Exploration of Efficacy and Safety of Interventions for Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Network Meta-Analysis. World neurosurgery 2020. link 53 Di Rienzo A, Colasanti R, Esposito D, Della Costanza M, Carrassi E, Capece M et al.. Endoscope-assisted microsurgical evacuation versus external ventricular drainage for the treatment of cast intraventricular hemorrhage: results of a comparative series. Neurosurgical review 2020. link 54 Fridling J, Van Cott C, Violano P, Jacobs L. Establishing the first Hartford consensus-compliant medical school in the United States. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2019. link 55 Najib K, Hashemi Z, Moghtaderi M, Pishdad P, Pishva N, Najib F. Lack of relationship between cord blood erythropoietin and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates: a controversial result. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2019. link 56 Kauvar DS, Dubick MA, Martin MJ. Large Animal Models of Proximal Aortic Balloon Occlusion in Traumatic Hemorrhage: Review and Identification of Knowledge Gaps Relevant to Expanded Use. The Journal of surgical research 2019. link 57 Korkmaz L, Bastug O, Ozdemir A, Ceylan M, Gunes T, Ozturk MA et al.. Can Platelet Mass Index Be a Parameter to Predict Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Newborns?. American journal of perinatology 2019. link 58 Keller T, Körber F, Oberthuer A, Schafmeyer L, Mehler K, Kuhr K et al.. Intranasal breast milk for premature infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage-an observation. European journal of pediatrics 2019. link 59 Dzietko M, Schulz S, Preuss M, Haertel C, Stein A, Felderhoff-Mueser U et al.. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms and intraventricular haemorrhage in infants born preterm: a large prospective multicentre cohort study. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019. link 60 Obeid R, Tabrizi PR, Mansoor A, Cerrolaza JJ, Chang T, Penn AA et al.. Ventricular shape evaluation on early ultrasound predicts post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatric research 2019. link 61 Pasley AM, Parker BM, Levy MJ, Christiani A, Dubose J, Brenner ML et al.. Stop the Bleed: Does the Training Work One Month Out?. The American surgeon 2018. link 62 Schauer SG, April MD, Fisher AD, Cunningham CW, Gurney JM. Junctional Tourniquet Use During Combat Operations in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals 2018. link 63 Foglia EE, Roberts RS, Stoller JZ, Davis PG, Haslam R, Schmidt B. Effect of Prophylactic Indomethacin in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Based on the Predicted Risk of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Neonatology 2018. link 64 Testoni D, Hornik CP, Guinsburg R, Clark RH, Greenberg RG, Benjamin DK et al.. Early lumbar puncture and risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. Early human development 2018. link 65 Obeid R, Chang T, Bluth E, Forsythe C, Jacobs M, Bulas D et al.. The use of clinical examination and cranial ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilation in extremely premature infants. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2018. link 66 Segado-Arenas A, Infante-Garcia C, Benavente-Fernandez I, Sanchez-Sotano D, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Alonso-Ojembarrena A et al.. Cognitive Impairment and Brain and Peripheral Alterations in a Murine Model of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Newborn. Molecular neurobiology 2018. link 67 Kotwal RS, Butler FK. Junctional Hemorrhage Control for Tactical Combat Casualty Care. Wilderness & environmental medicine 2017. link 68 Qi Z, Zhang H, Fu C, Liu X, Chen B, Dang Y et al.. Prolonged hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage in rats is reduced by curcumin therapy. Neuroscience letters 2017. link 69 Park WS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Ahn JY, Chang YS. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Magic Cure for Intraventricular Hemorrhage?. Cell transplantation 2017. link 70 Khosravi N, Badamchi A, Khalesi N, Tabatabaee A, Naghdalipour M, Asgarian R. Measurement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and erythropoietin (EPO) in umbilical cords of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage in two hospitals in Tehran. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2017. link 71 Liu DZ, Waldau B, Ander BP, Zhan X, Stamova B, Jickling GC et al.. Inhibition of Src family kinases improves cognitive function after intraventricular hemorrhage or intraventricular thrombin. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2017. link 72 Ahn SY, Chang YS, Sung DK, Sung SI, Ahn JY, Park WS. Pivotal Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secreted by Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Newborn Rats. Cell transplantation 2017. link 73 Wang A, Ray A, Hu YC. Intraventricular thrombolysis after endovascular treatment of a ruptured arteriovenous malformation. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2017. link 74 Sheehan JW, Pritchard M, Heyne RJ, Brown LS, Jaleel MA, Engle WD et al.. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage and withdrawal of support in preterm infants. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2017. link 75 Christian EA, Jin DL, Attenello F, Wen T, Cen S, Mack WJ et al.. Trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in the United States, 2000-2010. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2016. link 76 Esiaba I, Angeles DM, Holden MS, Tan JB, Asmerom Y, Gollin G et al.. Urinary Allantoin Is Elevated in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Newborn. Translational stroke research 2016. link 77 Yang XT, Feng DF, Zhao L, Sun ZL, Zhao G. Application of the Ommaya Reservoir in Managing Ventricular Hemorrhage. World neurosurgery 2016. link 78 Obaid S, Weil AG, Rahme R, Bojanowski MW. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus due to intraventricular hemorrhage. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2015. link 79 Meng H, Li F, Hu R, Yuan Y, Gong G, Hu S et al.. Deferoxamine alleviates chronic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage through iron chelation and Wnt1/Wnt3a inhibition. Brain research 2015. link 80 AlShardan MM, Mubasher M, Orz Y, AlYamany M. Factors that predict hydrocephalus following intraventricular hemorrhage. British journal of neurosurgery 2015. link 81 Parodi A, Morana G, Severino MS, Malova M, Natalizia AR, Sannia A et al.. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage: is ultrasound good enough?. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2015. link 82 Dalton J, Dechert RE, Sarkar S. Assessment of association between rapid fluctuations in serum sodium and intraventricular hemorrhage in hypernatremic preterm infants. American journal of perinatology 2015. link 83 Ikeda T, Amizuka T, Ito Y, Mikami R, Matsuo K, Kawamura N et al.. Changes in the perfusion waveform of the internal cerebral vein and intraventricular hemorrhage in the acute management of extremely low-birth-weight infants. European journal of pediatrics 2015. link 84 Qiu W, Yuan J, Kishimoto J, McLeod J, Chen Y, de Ribaupierre S et al.. User-guided segmentation of preterm neonate ventricular system from 3-D ultrasound images using convex optimization. Ultrasound in medicine & biology 2015. link 85 Chun MH, Kang CG, Kong EJ, Chang MC. Parkinsonism after external ventricular drainage in a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2015. link 86 Kuperman AA, Brenner B, Kenet G. Intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants--can we improve outcome by addressing coagulation?. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2015. link 87 Ballabh P. Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clinics in perinatology 2014. link 88 Ishiguro A, Suzuki K, Sekine T, Sudo Y, Kawasaki H, Itoh K et al.. Skin blood flow as a predictor of intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight infants. Pediatric research 2014. link 89 Kutuk MS, Balta B, Kodera H, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H, Doganay S et al.. Is there relation between COL4A1/A2 mutations and antenatally detected fetal intraventricular hemorrhage?. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2014. link 90 Keefe K, Kebriaei M, Gard A, Patil AA. Intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator for intraventricular hemorrhage caused by an arteriovenous malformation. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2014. link 91 Zayek MM, Alrifai W, Whitehurst RM, Kua KL, Martino A, Eyal FG. Acidemia versus hypercapnia and risk for severe intraventricular hemorrhage. American journal of perinatology 2014. link 92 Ziai WC, Tuhrim S, Lane K, McBee N, Lees K, Dawson J et al.. A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III study of Clot Lysis Evaluation of Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (CLEAR III). International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2014. link 93 Gao F, Liu F, Chen Z, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage: the role of thrombin. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2014. link 94 Kragh JF, Murphy C, Steinbaugh J, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Johnson JE et al.. Prehospital emergency inguinal clamp controls hemorrhage in cadaver model. Military medicine 2013. link 95 O'Reilly D, Mahendran K, West A, Shirley P, Walsh M, Tai N. Opportunities for improvement in the management of patients who die from haemorrhage after trauma. The British journal of surgery 2013. link 96 Klebermass-Schrehof K, Rona Z, Waldhör T, Czaba C, Beke A, Weninger M et al.. Can neurophysiological assessment improve timing of intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation?. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2013. link 97 Srinivasakumar P, Limbrick D, Munro R, Mercer D, Rao R, Inder T et al.. Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation-impact on early neurodevelopmental outcome. American journal of perinatology 2013. link 98 Alderliesten T, Lemmers PM, Smarius JJ, van de Vosse RE, Baerts W, van Bel F. Cerebral oxygenation, extraction, and autoregulation in very preterm infants who develop peri-intraventricular hemorrhage. The Journal of pediatrics 2013. link 99 Castaño Ávila S, Corral Lozano E, Vallejo De La Cueva A, Maynar Moliner J, Martín López A, Fonseca San Miguel F et al.. Intraventricular hemorrhage treated with intraventricular fibrinolysis. A 10-year experience. Medicina intensiva 2013. link 100 Leviton A, Allred EN, Dammann O, Engelke S, Fichorova RN, Hirtz D et al.. Systemic inflammation, intraventricular hemorrhage, and white matter injury. Journal of child neurology 2013. link

Original source

[1]
The association between mode of delivery and severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants. — Keel E, Kalimeris S, Adams M, Grass B The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2026)
[2]
Hyperechoic ependyma in preterm infants: sonographic features associated with ependymal injury and complex hydrocephalus. — Shapira-Rootman M, Bar Efimovski O, Merhav G Pediatric radiology (2026)
[3]
Exposure to enriched environment and parental care ameliorates brain pathology and behavioral impairment after germinal-matrix intraventricular hemorrhage. — Atienza-Navarro I, Maeso L, Del Marco A, Raya-Marin A, Benavente-Fernandez I, Lubian-Lopez S et al. Molecular psychiatry (2026)
[4]
Subventricular Zone-on-a-Chip: A Model to Study Neurogenesis Disruption in Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage. — Zamproni LN, Gökçe B, Gram M, Holliday C, Sendemir A, Porcionatto MA et al. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2026)
[5]
Outcomes after intranasal human milk therapy in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. — Gallipoli A, Unger S, El Shahed A, Fan CS, Signorile M, Wilson D et al. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association (2025)
[6]
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitor VP3.15 Ameliorates Neurogenesis, Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Germinal Matrix-intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn. — Atienza-Navarro I, Del Marco A, Alves-Martinez P, Garcia-Perez MLA, Raya-Marin A, Benavente-Fernandez I et al. Translational stroke research (2025)
[7]
Endoport-Assisted Endoscopic Technique for Evacuating Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage with Cast Third Ventricle Hematoma in an Underwater Field: A Technical Note. — Mo J, Shen H, Yang T, Xu D, Xing R, Wang B et al. World neurosurgery (2025)
[8]
Complement Inhibition Reduces Early Erythrolysis, Attenuates Brain Injury, Hydrocephalus, and Iron Accumulation after Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Aged Rats. — Zhang T, Xia F, Wan Y, Xi G, Ya H, Keep RF Translational stroke research (2025)
[9]
Relationship between NLR (Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio) value and clinical outcome in patients with external ventricular drainage due to intraventricular hemorrhage. — Kahraman Özlü EB, Durmuş K, Mutlu ET, Akar E, Tural S, Çalışaneller AT Neurocirugia (2025)
[10]
Low and sustained doses of erythropoietin prevent preterm infants from intraventricular hemorrhage. — Arias Fernández DA, Romero Diaz HA, Figueroa Garnica AD, Iturri-Soliz P, Arias-Reyes C, Schneider Gasser EM et al. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology (2025)
[11]
A comparative analysis of tranexamic acid dosing strategies in traumatic major hemorrhage. — Gunn F, Stevenson R, Almuwallad A, Rossetto A, Vulliamy P, Brohi K et al. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery (2024)
[12]
Autonomic Nervous System in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Neonates with Intraventricular Hemorrhage. — Shiono A, Bonno M, Toyoda H, Ogawa M, Tanaka S, Hirayama M American journal of perinatology (2024)
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