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Autoimmune myopathy

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by muscle inflammation and weakness, including dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. These conditions can be associated with malignancies and specific autoantibodies.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Muscle weakness, often proximal, and characteristic skin manifestations (in dermatomyositis) 23.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels, myopathic electromyography (EMG) findings 29.
  • Autoantibodies: Detection of myositis-specific antibodies (e.g., anti-Jo-1, anti-SRP) aids in diagnosis and predicts clinical features 344.
  • Imaging and Biopsy: Muscle MRI and muscle biopsy confirm inflammatory changes 6.
  • Classification Criteria: Use of 2017 EULAR/ACR criteria for accurate classification 2627.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Immunosuppressive Therapy: Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) 17. - Immunosuppressants: Methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil 17.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Biologics: Rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for refractory cases 17. - Physical Therapy: To maintain muscle function and prevent contractures 13.

    Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Management requires careful consideration of immunosuppressive therapy risks; individualized treatment plans are essential 14.
  • Pediatrics: Juvenile IIMs require tailored immunosuppressive strategies; close monitoring for growth and development 611.
  • Elderly: Increased vigilance for comorbidities and drug interactions; dose adjustments may be necessary 128.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Screen for Associated Malignancies: Perform cancer screening within 3 years before and after IIM diagnosis 414 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Utilize 2017 EULAR/ACR Criteria: Employ these criteria for accurate classification and management of IIMs 2627 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Monitor CK Levels: Regularly assess creatine kinase levels to monitor disease activity 29 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Consider Myositis-Specific Antibodies: Use autoantibody testing to guide prognosis and tailor treatment 344 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Manage Drug Interactions: Be cautious of potential interactions, especially with azoles and statins 120 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Jing S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun N, Du X, Wang X et al.. Pharmacovigilance analysis of myopathy associated with azoles and nonstatins interactions based on US FAERS database. Scientific reports 2025. link 2 Luo R, Xia D, Yu S. A meta-analysis of melanoma risk in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2024. link 3 Schumacher F, Zimmermann M, Kanbach M, Schulze W, Wollsching-Strobel M, Kroppen D et al.. Clinical relevance of positively determined myositis antibodies in rheumatology: a retrospective monocentric analysis. Arthritis research & therapy 2024. link 4 Oldroyd AGS, Callen JP, Chinoy H, Chung L, Fiorentino D, Gordon P et al.. International Guideline for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy-Associated Cancer Screening: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) initiative. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2023. link 5 Pijnenburg L, Giannini M, Bouchard-Marmen M, Arnaud L, Barsotti S, Bellando-Randone S et al.. In inflammatory myopathies, dropped head/bent spine syndrome is associated with scleromyositis: an international case-control study. RMD open 2023. link 6 Debrut L, Giannini M, Klein D, Spielmann L, Mertz P, Martin T et al.. Refining Incidence and Characteristics of Inflammatory Myopathies: A Quadruple-Source Capture-Recapture Survey Using the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2023. link 7 Valenzuela A, Torres M, Devés JD. Performance of the 2017 EULAR/ACR criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a cohort of patients from Latin America. Medicine 2022. link 8 Casal-Dominguez M, Pinal-Fernandez I, Pak K, Huang W, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Albayda J et al.. Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2022. link 9 So H, So J, Lam TT, Wong VT, Ho R, Li WL et al.. Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria in Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy and Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Protein 5 Positivity. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2022. link 10 Cobo-Ibáñez T, Sánchez-Piedra C, Nuño-Nuño L, Castellví I, Carrión-Barberà I, Romero-Bueno F et al.. Myo-Spain: Spanish Registry of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Methodology. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 11 Yoo J, Ahn SS, Jung SM, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Reclassification of Korean patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis based on the Bohan and Peter criteria by the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. The Korean journal of internal medicine 2021. link 12 Gómez GN, Pérez N, Braillard Poccard A, Gómez RA, Costi AC, García MA et al.. Myositis-specific antibodies and clinical characteristics in patients with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies: reported by the Argentine Registry of Inflammatory Myopathies of the Argentine Society of Rheumatology. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 13 Landon-Cardinal O, Bachasson D, Guillaume-Jugnot P, Vautier M, Champtiaux N, Hervier B et al.. Relationship between change in physical activity and in clinical status in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: A prospective cohort study. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020. link 14 Gupta L, Muhammed H, Naveen R, Kharbanda R, Gangadharan H, Misra DP et al.. Insights into the knowledge, attitude and practices for the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy from a cross-sectional cohort survey of physicians. Rheumatology international 2020. link 15 Ikeda T, Takeuchi H, Takahashi K, Nakamura H, Kunii M, Katsumoto A et al.. Tonsillectomy Improved Therapeutic Response in Anti-SRP Myopathy With Chronic Tonsillitis. Frontiers in immunology 2020. link 16 Cervera-Mérida JF, Villa-García I, Ygual-Fernández A. Speech treatment in nemaline myopathy: A single-subject experimental study. Journal of communication disorders 2020. link 17 de Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Bezerra MC, Simões RS, Bernardo WM et al.. Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the treatment of systemic autoimmune myopathies. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2019. link 18 de Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Simões RS, Bernardo WM, Frank TA et al.. The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology recommendations on investigation and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune myopathies. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2019. link 19 Diebold I, Schön U, Horvath R, Schwartz O, Holinski-Feder E, Kölbel H et al.. HADHA and HADHB gene associated phenotypes - Identification of rare variants in a patient cohort by Next Generation Sequencing. Molecular and cellular probes 2019. link 20 Chasioti D, Yao X, Zhang P, Lerner S, Quinney SK, Ning X et al.. Mining Directional Drug Interaction Effects on Myopathy Using the FAERS Database. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 2019. link 21 Essers D, Schäublin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Weiler S. Statin-associated immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: a retrospective analysis of individual case safety reports from VigiBase. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2019. link 22 Carr DF, Francis B, Jorgensen AL, Zhang E, Chinoy H, Heckbert SR et al.. Genomewide Association Study of Statin-Induced Myopathy in Patients Recruited Using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2019. link 23 Chiang CW, Zhang P, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang S, Ning X et al.. Translational High-Dimensional Drug Interaction Discovery and Validation Using Health Record Databases and Pharmacokinetics Models. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2018. link 24 Li J, Mihalcioiu M, Li L, Zakikhani M, Camirand A, Kremer R. Vitamin D prevents lipid accumulation in murine muscle through regulation of PPARγ and perilipin-2 expression. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2018. link 25 Wang X, Zhang P, Chiang CW, Wu H, Shen L, Ning X et al.. Mixture drug-count response model for the high-dimensional drug combinatory effect on myopathy. Statistics in medicine 2018. link 26 Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, Visser M et al.. 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2017. link 27 Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, de Visser M et al.. 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Their Major Subgroups. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2017. link 28 Colmenares EW, Pappas AL. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risk for Myopathy?. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2017. link 29 Leverenz D, Zaha O, Crofford LJ, Chung CP. Causes of creatine kinase levels greater than 1000 IU/L in patients referred to rheumatology. Clinical rheumatology 2016. link 30 Marciniak C, Babu A, Ghannad L, Burnstine R, Keeshin S. Unusual Electromyographic Findings Associated With Colchicine Neuromyopathy: A Case Report. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2016. link 31 Leslie N, Wang X, Peng Y, Valencia CA, Khuchua Z, Hata J et al.. Neonatal multiorgan failure due to ACAD9 mutation and complex I deficiency with mitochondrial hyperplasia in liver, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, and renal tubules. Human pathology 2016. link 32 Finsterer J, Frank M. Potential causes of sudden cardiac death in nemaline myopathy. Italian journal of pediatrics 2015. link 33 Smith BW, McCarthy JC, Dawley CA. Suspect myopathy? Take this approach to the work-up. The Journal of family practice 2014. link 34 Bookstaver DA, Burkhalter NA, Hatzigeorgiou C. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on statin-induced myalgias. The American journal of cardiology 2012. link 35 Spiegel R, Khayat M, Shalev SA, Horovitz Y, Mandel H, Hershkovitz E et al.. TMEM70 mutations are a common cause of nuclear encoded ATP synthase assembly defect: further delineation of a new syndrome. Journal of medical genetics 2011. link 36 Yee WC. Two eminently treatable genetic metabolic myopathies. Neurology India 2008. link 37 Molokhia M, McKeigue P, Curcin V, Majeed A. Statin induced myopathy and myalgia: time trend analysis and comparison of risk associated with statin class from 1991-2006. PloS one 2008. link 38 Sewright KA, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD. Statin myopathy: incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology. Current atherosclerosis reports 2007. link 39 Fernandez-Vizarra E, Berardinelli A, Valente L, Tiranti V, Zeviani M. Nonsense mutation in pseudouridylate synthase 1 (PUS1) in two brothers affected by myopathy, lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anaemia (MLASA). Journal of medical genetics 2007. link 40 Clark DW, Strandell J. Myopathy including polymyositis: a likely class adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors?. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2006. link 41 Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA. Statin-associated neuromyotoxicity. Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998) 2005. link 42 Hsu WC, Chen WH, Chang MT, Chiu HC. Colchicine-induced acute myopathy in a patient with concomitant use of simvastatin. Clinical neuropharmacology 2002. link 43 Snyder AA, Rao NA. Clinicopathological report of cerebroocular myopathy syndrome. American journal of ophthalmology 2002. link01398-8) 44 Hengstman GJ, van Engelen BG, Vree Egberts WT, van Venrooij WJ. Myositis-specific autoantibodies: overview and recent developments. Current opinion in rheumatology 2001. link 45 Bartsch O, Kress W, Wagner A, Seemanova E. The novel contiguous gene syndrome of myotubular myopathy (MTM1), male hypogenitalism and deletion in Xq28:report of the first familial case. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 1999. link 46 Antozzi C, Confalonieri P, Mantegazza R, Di Donato S. Emerging treatments in myopathies. European neurology 1997. link 47 Tapal MF. Colchicine myopathy. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 1996. link 48 Hu LJ, Laporte J, Kress W, Kioschis P, Siebenhaar R, Poustka A et al.. Deletions in Xq28 in two boys with myotubular myopathy and abnormal genital development define a new contiguous gene syndrome in a 430 kb region. Human molecular genetics 1996. link 49 O'Rourke KS, Blaivas M, Ike RW. Utility of needle muscle biopsy in a university rheumatology practice. The Journal of rheumatology 1994. link 50 Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Silver K. Inflammatory myopathy and Walker-Warburg syndrome: etiologic implications. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 1993. link 51 Adès LC, Gedeon AK, Wilson MJ, Latham M, Partington MW, Mulley JC et al.. Barth syndrome: clinical features and confirmation of gene localisation to distal Xq28. American journal of medical genetics 1993. link 52 Magarian GJ, Lucas LM, Colley C. Gemfibrozil-induced myopathy. Archives of internal medicine 1991. link 53 Wagner JM, Cohen S. Fibrous myopathy from butorphanol injections. The Journal of rheumatology 1991. link 54 Bresolin N, Miranda A, Chang HW, Shanske S, DiMauro S. Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency myopathy: biochemical and immunological studies of the mutant enzyme. Muscle & nerve 1984. link 55 Korczyn AD, Nadler E, Falewski de Leon G. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in myopathies. Journal of neurology 1981. link 56 Reitter B, Mortier W, Wille L. Neonatal respiratory insufficiency due to centronuclear myopathy. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica 1979. link 57 Rosman NP, Schapiro MB, Haddow JE. Muscle weakness caused by an iodine-deficient diet: investigation of a nutritional myopathy. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 1978. link 58 Focosi M, Campana G. Histologic and electromyographic research on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis. Possibility of former myopathic origin. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 1977. link 59 Hawkes CH, Absolon MJ. Myotubular myopathy associated with cataract and electrical myotonia. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 1975. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Pharmacovigilance analysis of myopathy associated with azoles and nonstatins interactions based on US FAERS database. — Jing S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun N, Du X, Wang X et al. Scientific reports (2025)
    2. [2]
      A meta-analysis of melanoma risk in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients. — Luo R, Xia D, Yu S Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie (2024)
    3. [3]
      Clinical relevance of positively determined myositis antibodies in rheumatology: a retrospective monocentric analysis. — Schumacher F, Zimmermann M, Kanbach M, Schulze W, Wollsching-Strobel M, Kroppen D et al. Arthritis research & therapy (2024)
    4. [4]
      International Guideline for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy-Associated Cancer Screening: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) initiative. — Oldroyd AGS, Callen JP, Chinoy H, Chung L, Fiorentino D, Gordon P et al. Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2023)
    5. [5]
      In inflammatory myopathies, dropped head/bent spine syndrome is associated with scleromyositis: an international case-control study. — Pijnenburg L, Giannini M, Bouchard-Marmen M, Arnaud L, Barsotti S, Bellando-Randone S et al. RMD open (2023)
    6. [6]
      Refining Incidence and Characteristics of Inflammatory Myopathies: A Quadruple-Source Capture-Recapture Survey Using the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria. — Debrut L, Giannini M, Klein D, Spielmann L, Mertz P, Martin T et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023)
    7. [7]
      Performance of the 2017 EULAR/ACR criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a cohort of patients from Latin America. — Valenzuela A, Torres M, Devés JD Medicine (2022)
    8. [8]
      Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies. — Casal-Dominguez M, Pinal-Fernandez I, Pak K, Huang W, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Albayda J et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022)
    9. [9]
      Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria in Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy and Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Protein 5 Positivity. — So H, So J, Lam TT, Wong VT, Ho R, Li WL et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022)
    10. [10]
      Myo-Spain: Spanish Registry of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Methodology. — Cobo-Ibáñez T, Sánchez-Piedra C, Nuño-Nuño L, Castellví I, Carrión-Barberà I, Romero-Bueno F et al. Reumatologia clinica (2022)
    11. [11]
      Reclassification of Korean patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis based on the Bohan and Peter criteria by the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. — Yoo J, Ahn SS, Jung SM, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW The Korean journal of internal medicine (2021)
    12. [12]
      Myositis-specific antibodies and clinical characteristics in patients with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies: reported by the Argentine Registry of Inflammatory Myopathies of the Argentine Society of Rheumatology. — Gómez GN, Pérez N, Braillard Poccard A, Gómez RA, Costi AC, García MA et al. Clinical rheumatology (2021)
    13. [13]
      Relationship between change in physical activity and in clinical status in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: A prospective cohort study. — Landon-Cardinal O, Bachasson D, Guillaume-Jugnot P, Vautier M, Champtiaux N, Hervier B et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2020)
    14. [14]
      Insights into the knowledge, attitude and practices for the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy from a cross-sectional cohort survey of physicians. — Gupta L, Muhammed H, Naveen R, Kharbanda R, Gangadharan H, Misra DP et al. Rheumatology international (2020)
    15. [15]
      Tonsillectomy Improved Therapeutic Response in Anti-SRP Myopathy With Chronic Tonsillitis. — Ikeda T, Takeuchi H, Takahashi K, Nakamura H, Kunii M, Katsumoto A et al. Frontiers in immunology (2020)
    16. [16]
      Speech treatment in nemaline myopathy: A single-subject experimental study. — Cervera-Mérida JF, Villa-García I, Ygual-Fernández A Journal of communication disorders (2020)
    17. [17]
      Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the treatment of systemic autoimmune myopathies. — de Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Bezerra MC, Simões RS, Bernardo WM et al. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) (2019)
    18. [18]
      The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology recommendations on investigation and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune myopathies. — de Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Simões RS, Bernardo WM, Frank TA et al. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) (2019)
    19. [19]
      HADHA and HADHB gene associated phenotypes - Identification of rare variants in a patient cohort by Next Generation Sequencing. — Diebold I, Schön U, Horvath R, Schwartz O, Holinski-Feder E, Kölbel H et al. Molecular and cellular probes (2019)
    20. [20]
      Mining Directional Drug Interaction Effects on Myopathy Using the FAERS Database. — Chasioti D, Yao X, Zhang P, Lerner S, Quinney SK, Ning X et al. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics (2019)
    21. [21]
      Statin-associated immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: a retrospective analysis of individual case safety reports from VigiBase. — Essers D, Schäublin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Weiler S European journal of clinical pharmacology (2019)
    22. [22]
      Genomewide Association Study of Statin-Induced Myopathy in Patients Recruited Using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. — Carr DF, Francis B, Jorgensen AL, Zhang E, Chinoy H, Heckbert SR et al. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2019)
    23. [23]
      Translational High-Dimensional Drug Interaction Discovery and Validation Using Health Record Databases and Pharmacokinetics Models. — Chiang CW, Zhang P, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang S, Ning X et al. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2018)
    24. [24]
      Vitamin D prevents lipid accumulation in murine muscle through regulation of PPARγ and perilipin-2 expression. — Li J, Mihalcioiu M, Li L, Zakikhani M, Camirand A, Kremer R The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2018)
    25. [25]
      Mixture drug-count response model for the high-dimensional drug combinatory effect on myopathy. — Wang X, Zhang P, Chiang CW, Wu H, Shen L, Ning X et al. Statistics in medicine (2018)
    26. [26]
      2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. — Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, Visser M et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2017)
    27. [27]
      2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Their Major Subgroups. — Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, de Visser M et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2017)
    28. [28]
      Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risk for Myopathy? — Colmenares EW, Pappas AL The Annals of pharmacotherapy (2017)
    29. [29]
      Causes of creatine kinase levels greater than 1000 IU/L in patients referred to rheumatology. — Leverenz D, Zaha O, Crofford LJ, Chung CP Clinical rheumatology (2016)
    30. [30]
      Unusual Electromyographic Findings Associated With Colchicine Neuromyopathy: A Case Report. — Marciniak C, Babu A, Ghannad L, Burnstine R, Keeshin S PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation (2016)
    31. [31]
      Neonatal multiorgan failure due to ACAD9 mutation and complex I deficiency with mitochondrial hyperplasia in liver, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, and renal tubules. — Leslie N, Wang X, Peng Y, Valencia CA, Khuchua Z, Hata J et al. Human pathology (2016)
    32. [32]
      Potential causes of sudden cardiac death in nemaline myopathy. — Finsterer J, Frank M Italian journal of pediatrics (2015)
    33. [33]
      Suspect myopathy? Take this approach to the work-up. — Smith BW, McCarthy JC, Dawley CA The Journal of family practice (2014)
    34. [34]
      Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on statin-induced myalgias. — Bookstaver DA, Burkhalter NA, Hatzigeorgiou C The American journal of cardiology (2012)
    35. [35]
      TMEM70 mutations are a common cause of nuclear encoded ATP synthase assembly defect: further delineation of a new syndrome. — Spiegel R, Khayat M, Shalev SA, Horovitz Y, Mandel H, Hershkovitz E et al. Journal of medical genetics (2011)
    36. [36]
      Two eminently treatable genetic metabolic myopathies. — Yee WC Neurology India (2008)
    37. [37]
      Statin induced myopathy and myalgia: time trend analysis and comparison of risk associated with statin class from 1991-2006. — Molokhia M, McKeigue P, Curcin V, Majeed A PloS one (2008)
    38. [38]
      Statin myopathy: incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology. — Sewright KA, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD Current atherosclerosis reports (2007)
    39. [39]
      Nonsense mutation in pseudouridylate synthase 1 (PUS1) in two brothers affected by myopathy, lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anaemia (MLASA). — Fernandez-Vizarra E, Berardinelli A, Valente L, Tiranti V, Zeviani M Journal of medical genetics (2007)
    40. [40]
      Myopathy including polymyositis: a likely class adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors? — Clark DW, Strandell J European journal of clinical pharmacology (2006)
    41. [41]
      Statin-associated neuromyotoxicity. — Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998) (2005)
    42. [42]
      Colchicine-induced acute myopathy in a patient with concomitant use of simvastatin. — Hsu WC, Chen WH, Chang MT, Chiu HC Clinical neuropharmacology (2002)
    43. [43]
      Clinicopathological report of cerebroocular myopathy syndrome. — Snyder AA, Rao NA American journal of ophthalmology (2002)
    44. [44]
      Myositis-specific autoantibodies: overview and recent developments. — Hengstman GJ, van Engelen BG, Vree Egberts WT, van Venrooij WJ Current opinion in rheumatology (2001)
    45. [45]
      The novel contiguous gene syndrome of myotubular myopathy (MTM1), male hypogenitalism and deletion in Xq28:report of the first familial case. — Bartsch O, Kress W, Wagner A, Seemanova E Cytogenetics and cell genetics (1999)
    46. [46]
      Emerging treatments in myopathies. — Antozzi C, Confalonieri P, Mantegazza R, Di Donato S European neurology (1997)
    47. [47]
      Colchicine myopathy. — Tapal MF Scandinavian journal of rheumatology (1996)
    48. [48]
      Deletions in Xq28 in two boys with myotubular myopathy and abnormal genital development define a new contiguous gene syndrome in a 430 kb region. — Hu LJ, Laporte J, Kress W, Kioschis P, Siebenhaar R, Poustka A et al. Human molecular genetics (1996)
    49. [49]
      Utility of needle muscle biopsy in a university rheumatology practice. — O'Rourke KS, Blaivas M, Ike RW The Journal of rheumatology (1994)
    50. [50]
      Inflammatory myopathy and Walker-Warburg syndrome: etiologic implications. — Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Silver K The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques (1993)
    51. [51]
      Barth syndrome: clinical features and confirmation of gene localisation to distal Xq28. — Adès LC, Gedeon AK, Wilson MJ, Latham M, Partington MW, Mulley JC et al. American journal of medical genetics (1993)
    52. [52]
      Gemfibrozil-induced myopathy. — Magarian GJ, Lucas LM, Colley C Archives of internal medicine (1991)
    53. [53]
      Fibrous myopathy from butorphanol injections. — Wagner JM, Cohen S The Journal of rheumatology (1991)
    54. [54]
      Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency myopathy: biochemical and immunological studies of the mutant enzyme. — Bresolin N, Miranda A, Chang HW, Shanske S, DiMauro S Muscle & nerve (1984)
    55. [55]
      Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in myopathies. — Korczyn AD, Nadler E, Falewski de Leon G Journal of neurology (1981)
    56. [56]
      Neonatal respiratory insufficiency due to centronuclear myopathy. — Reitter B, Mortier W, Wille L Acta paediatrica Scandinavica (1979)
    57. [57]
      Muscle weakness caused by an iodine-deficient diet: investigation of a nutritional myopathy. — Rosman NP, Schapiro MB, Haddow JE Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology (1978)
    58. [58]
      Histologic and electromyographic research on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis. Possibility of former myopathic origin. — Focosi M, Campana G Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde (1977)
    59. [59]
      Myotubular myopathy associated with cataract and electrical myotonia. — Hawkes CH, Absolon MJ Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (1975)
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