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Rheumatology144 papers

Axial spondyloarthritis

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and spine, often leading to pain and stiffness 1. It encompasses both radiographic (ankylosing spondylitis) and non-radiographic forms 13 44.

Diagnosis

Clinical Criteria: Inflammatory back pain (IBP) ≥3 months, age <40 years at onset, improvement with exercise 1 16.

Imaging: MRI for sacroiliitis, especially in early disease 2 11 12.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) can support diagnosis but are not specific 1 15.

MRI Grading: Use standardized MRI reporting criteria for sacroiliitis activity 11 19.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- NSAIDs: Effective for pain and inflammation 5 10 30. - Physical Therapy: Exercise therapy improves functional capacity and reduces pain 5 18.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Biologic DMARDs: TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors (e.g., upadacitinib, bimekizumab) for inadequate response to NSAIDs 3 4 17 16. - Justification: Early intervention with biologics improves long-term outcomes 3 17.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Early detection and prompt treatment initiation are crucial; outcomes generally favorable with appropriate management 44.

Comorbidities: Increased cardiovascular risk; monitor and manage cardiovascular comorbidities 29 66.

Key Recommendations

Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Initiate early treatment with NSAIDs and consider biologic DMARDs for inadequate response to improve long-term outcomes (Evidence: Strong 3 17).

Standardized MRI Reporting: Use standardized MRI criteria for sacroiliitis assessment to ensure consistent diagnosis and monitoring (Evidence: Moderate 11 19).

Exercise Therapy: Incorporate structured exercise programs as part of routine management to enhance physical function and reduce pain (Evidence: Moderate 5 18).

Regular Monitoring: Implement regular assessment of disease activity and quality of life metrics in clinical practice (Evidence: Moderate 49).

Multidisciplinary Approach: Utilize multidisciplinary teams including physiotherapists and nurses to optimize patient care and support (Evidence: Expert opinion 33 66).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 107 indexed papers.

1 Garcia-Salinas R, Baraliakos X, Sommerfleck F, Soriano ER, Ribeiro AL, Avellanal V et al.. Establishing Centers of Excellence for Axial Spondyloarthritis in Latin America: Consensus Recommendations From the REAL-PANLAR Group. The Journal of rheumatology 2026. link 2 Valizadeh P, Jannatdoust P, Darmiani K, Mirghaderi P, Stovall R, Chalian M. Diagnostic performance of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging in evaluating sacroiliitis activity in axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. The British journal of radiology 2025. link 3 Navarro-Compán V, Van den Bosch F, Sampaio-Barros PD, Östör AJK, Parikh B, Kato K et al.. Efficacy of upadacitinib in subgroups of patients with axial spondyloarthritis with early versus established disease. RMD open 2025. link 4 Mease PJ, Gensler LS, Orbai AM, Warren RB, Bajracharya R, Ink B et al.. Long-term safety of bimekizumab in adult patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis: pooled results from integrated phase IIb/III clinical studies. RMD open 2025. link 5 Zhang M, Liang Z, Tian L, Han Y, Jiang X, Li Y et al.. Effects of Exercise Therapy in Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression of Randomized Trials. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2025. link 6 Ramiro S, van der Heijde D. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases collection on axial spondyloarthritis (2022-2024): advances in the field. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2025. link 7 J B, J S, M D. The history of ankylosing spondylitis/axial spondyloarthritis - what is the driving force of new knowledge?. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2025. link 8 Jones C, Greene G. Perspectives of UK Physiotherapists With Expertise in Rheumatology on the Barriers and Facilitators Influencing the Identification of Axial Spondyloarthritis by First Contact Practitioners in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study. Musculoskeletal care 2025. link 9 Rohekar S, Pardo JP, Mirza R, Aydin SZ, Bessette L, Richard N et al.. Canadian Rheumatology Association/Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Living Treatment Recommendations for the Management of Axial Spondyloarthritis. The Journal of rheumatology 2025. link 10 Alnaqbi KA, Alaswad M, Al Araimi T, Mahmoud AAA, Al Emadi S, Al Rayes H et al.. Practice patterns and challenges in the referral, diagnosis, management, and monitoring of axial spondyloarthritis: insights from an online survey of rheumatologists. Rheumatology international 2025. link 11 Salaffi F, Carotti M, Martino F, Filippucci E, Farah S, Ramonda R et al.. Results of an expert Delphi consensus from the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) and the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) on standardized requesting and reporting magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected or known axial spondyloarthritis. La Radiologia medica 2025. link 12 Weddell J, Farah A, Shah R, Rossi L, Lekh S, Mohamud S et al.. Utility of repeat MRI in assessing treatment non-response in axial spondyloarthritis: data from two large tertiary rheumatology centres. RMD open 2025. link 13 Maharaj AB, Benitha R, Makan K, Du Toit R, Haasbroek D, Balton C et al.. South African Rheumatism and Arthritis Association 2024 guidelines for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2024. link 14 Diekhoff T, Giraudo C, Machado PM, Mallinson M, Eshed I, Haibel H et al.. Clinical information on imaging referrals for suspected or known axial spondyloarthritis: recommendations from the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS). Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 15 Liu D, Xie Y, Tu L, Wen X, Lv Q, Liu B et al.. A guideline on biomarkers in the diagnosis and evaluation in axial spondyloarthritis. Frontiers in immunology 2024. link 16 Deodhar A, Machado PM, Mørup M, Taieb V, Willems D, Orme M et al.. Comparative efficacy and safety of bimekizumab in axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2024. link 17 Tang H, Liu X, Zhao J, Tang Z, Zheng Z, Bai W. Upadacitinib for axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Clinical rheumatology 2024. link 18 Oz HE, Duran G, Bayraktar D, Kara M, Solmaz D, Akar S. Effect of cervical stabilization exercises on cervical position error in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2024. link 19 Baraliakos X, Machado PM, Bauer L, Hoepken B, Kim M, Kumke T et al.. Comparison of established and preliminarily proposed ASAS MRI working group cut-offs for inflammatory MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints in radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. RMD open 2024. link 20 Baraliakos X, Østergaard M, Poddubnyy D, van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Machado PM et al.. Effect of Secukinumab Versus Adalimumab Biosimilar on Radiographic Progression in Patients With Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a Head-to-Head Randomized Phase IIIb Study. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2024. link 21 Choufani M, Ermann J. Updating the 2019 ACR/SAA/SPARTAN Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (SPARTAN 2024 Annual Meeting Proceedings). Current rheumatology reports 2024. link 22 Choufani M, Kay J, Ermann J. Axial spondyloarthritis guidelines - aiming for maximum impact. Current opinion in rheumatology 2024. link 23 Boy K, von Rohr S, May S, Kuhn S, Schett G, Labinsky H et al.. Pre-assessment of patients with suspected axial spondyloarthritis combining student-led clinics and telemedicine: a qualitative study. Rheumatology international 2024. link 24 Kleinert S, Schuch F, Rapp P, Ronneberger M, Wendler J, Sternad P et al.. Radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis are not routinely distinguished in everyday clinical care: an analysis of real-world data from rheumatology practices. Rheumatology international 2024. link 25 Sinnappan S, Forte A, Ermann J. Axial Spondyloarthritis Treatment Recommendations and Disease Activity Monitoring in Clinical Practice: Results of an Online Survey. The Journal of rheumatology 2024. link 26 Navarro-Compán V, Benavent D, Capelusnik D, van der Heijde D, Landewé RB, Poddubnyy D et al.. ASAS consensus definition of early axial spondyloarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 27 Ørnbjerg LM, Georgiadis S, Kvien TK, Michelsen B, Rasmussen S, Pavelka K et al.. Impact of patient characteristics on ASDAS disease activity state cut-offs in axial spondyloarthritis: results from nine European rheumatology registries. RMD open 2024. link 28 Macfarlane GJ, Biallas R, Dean LE, Jones GT, Goodson NJ, Rotariu O. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis Treated With Biologic Agents Determined Using the BSRBR-AS and a MetaAnalysis. The Journal of rheumatology 2023. link 29 Hintenberger R, Affenzeller B, Vladychuk V, Pieringer H. Cardiovascular risk in axial spondyloarthritis-a systematic review. Clinical rheumatology 2023. link 30 Ortolan A, Webers C, Sepriano A, Falzon L, Baraliakos X, Landewé RB et al.. Efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological and non-biological interventions: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2023. link 31 Webers C, Ortolan A, Sepriano A, Falzon L, Baraliakos X, Landewé RBM et al.. Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2023. link 32 de Melo-Silva EMV, Valdez RA, da Barbosa-Silva IM, Chateaubriand MM, Duarte ALBP, Gueiros LA. Association between axial spondyloarthritis and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Oral diseases 2023. link 33 Hepburn J. Advanced practice physiotherapists in Scottish primary care: Axial Spondyloarthropathy epidemiology, time to diagnosis, and referrals to rheumatology. Musculoskeletal care 2023. link 34 Bautista-Molano W, Fernández-Ávila DG, Brance ML, Ávila Pedretti MG, Burgos-Vargas R, Corbacho I et al.. Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2023. link 35 Kilic G, Senol S, Baspinar S, Kilic E, Ozgocmen S. Degenerative changes of lumbar spine and their clinical implications in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Clinical rheumatology 2023. link 36 Bodur H. Cardiovascular comorbidities in spondyloarthritis. Clinical rheumatology 2023. link 37 Son SM, Kim DS, Lee JS. Fibromyalgia in Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Meta-analysis. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2022. link 38 Deodhar A, Kiwalkar S, Mehendale T, Bhalerao S. Axial Spondyloarthritis in the Chiropractic Care Setting: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2022. link 39 Saoussen M, Yasmine M, Lilia N, Alia F, Hiba B, Kawther BA et al.. Tapering biologics in axial spondyloarthritis: A systematic literature review. International immunopharmacology 2022. link 40 Soulard J, Vaillant J, Vuillerme N. Gait in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Current rheumatology reviews 2022. link 41 Hay CA, Packham J, Ryan S, Mallen CD, Chatzixenitidis A, Prior JA. Diagnostic delay in axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review. Clinical rheumatology 2022. link 42 Pinto AS, Farisogullari B, Machado PM. Predictors of remission in people with axial spondyloarthritis: A systematic literature review. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2022. link 43 Carrillo I, López-Pineda A, García-Díaz S, López A, Valencia Muntalà L, Juanola X et al.. Proposals for the incorporation of the nursing role in the certification of axial spondyloarthritis units. Literature review and expert consensus. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 44 Meissner Y, Strangfeld A, Molto A, Forger F, Wallenius M, Costedoat-Chalumeau N et al.. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with axial spondyloarthritis: pooled data analysis from the European Network of Pregnancy Registries in Rheumatology (EuNeP). Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2022. link 45 Boraiah G, Soldatos T, Thakur UJ, Chhabra A. Multiparametric Large Field of View Rheumatology Imaging for Axial Spondyloarthropathy Detects Enthesitis in Setting of Inactive Sacroiliac Joint Disease and Impacts Clinical Diagnosis. Journal of computer assisted tomography 2022. link 46 Bautista-Molano W, Saldarriaga-Rivera LM, Junca-Ramírez A, Fernández-Aldana AR, Fernández-Ávila DG, Jaimes DA et al.. 2021 clinical practice guideline for the early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Colombian Association of Rheumatology. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 47 Biallas RL, Dean LE, Davidson L, Hollick R, Pathan E, Robertson L et al.. Role of Metrology in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Does It Provide Unique Information in Assessing Patients and Predicting Outcome? Results From the British Society for Rheumatology Biologic Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis care & research 2022. link 48 García EI, Martin-Delgado J, Queiro R, Pérez Venegas JJ, Gratacos J, Sanz J et al.. Quality certification standard proposal ⬓SpACE⬽ for axial spondyloarthritis treatment units. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 49 Portier E, Dougados M, Moltó A. Disease activity outcome measures are only available in half of the electronic medical files of patients with axial spondyloarthritis followed in an outpatient clinic: the results of an audit of a tertiary-care rheumatology department. Rheumatology international 2022. link 50 Di Giuseppe D, Lindström U, Aaltonen K, Relas H, Provan S, Gudbjornsson B et al.. The occurrence of multiple treatment switches in axial spondyloarthritis. Results from five Nordic rheumatology registries. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2022. link 51 Navarro-Compán V, Boel A, Boonen A, Mease P, Landewé R, Kiltz U et al.. The ASAS-OMERACT core domain set for axial spondyloarthritis. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2021. link 52 Roche D, Badard M, Boyer L, Lafforgue P, Pham T. Incidence of anterior uveitis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with anti-TNF or anti-IL17A: a systematic review, a pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis research & therapy 2021. link 53 Walsh JA, Pei S, Penmetsa GK, Overbury RS, Clegg DO, Sauer BC. Identifying Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis in Large Datasets: Expanding Possibilities for Observational Research. The Journal of rheumatology 2021. link 54 da Cruz Lage R, Marques CDL, Oliveira TL, Resende GG, Kohem CL, Saad CG et al.. Brazilian recommendations for the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2021. link 55 Liew DFL, Dau J, Robinson PC. Value-Based Healthcare in Rheumatology: Axial Spondyloarthritis and Beyond. Current rheumatology reports 2021. link 56 Manara M, Prevete I, Marchesoni A, D'Angelo S, Cauli A, Zanetti A et al.. The Italian Society for Rheumatology recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. Reumatismo 2021. link 57 Otón T, Sastre C, Carmona L. The journey of the non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patient: the perspective of professionals and patients. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 58 Boel A, Navarro-Compán V, Boonen A, Mease P, Kiltz U, Dougados M et al.. Domains to Be Considered for the Core Outcome Set of Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a 3-round Delphi Survey. The Journal of rheumatology 2021. link 59 Michelena X, Zhao SS, Dubash S, Dean LE, Jones GT, Marzo-Ortega H. Similar biologic drug response regardless of radiographic status in axial spondyloarthritis: data from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register in Ankylosing Spondylitis registry. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2021. link 60 Maksymowych WP, Lambert RG, Baraliakos X, Weber U, Machado PM, Pedersen SJ et al.. Data-driven definitions for active and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joint in spondyloarthritis and their predictive utility. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2021. link 61 Lapane KL, Shridharmurthy D, Khan S, Lindstrom D, Beccia A, Yi E et al.. Primary care physician perspectives on screening for axial spondyloarthritis: A qualitative study. PloS one 2021. link 62 Owada H, Sumitani M, Inoue R, Kawashima M, Ishii K, Shin M et al.. Peripheral nerve field stimulation successfully manages axial pain after posterior cervical spine surgery: case report. Annals of palliative medicine 2021. link 63 El Zorkany B, Ali YM, Namas R, Bedaiwi M, Husain W, Ahmed HM et al.. The treatment journey for patients with axial spondyloarthritis in North Africa and the Middle East: From diagnosis to management. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2020. link 64 Maksymowych WP, Pedersen SJ, Weber U, Baraliakos X, Machado PM, Eshed I et al.. Central reader evaluation of MRI scans of the sacroiliac joints from the ASAS classification cohort: discrepancies with local readers and impact on the performance of the ASAS criteria. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020. link 65 Macfarlane GJ, Rotariu O, Jones GT, Pathan E, Dean LE. Determining factors related to poor quality of life in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR-AS). Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020. link 66 Kiltz U, Landewé RBM, van der Heijde D, Rudwaleit M, Weisman MH, Akkoc N et al.. Development of ASAS quality standards to improve the quality of health and care services for patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020. link 67 Adshead R, Donnelly S, Knight P, Tahir H. Axial Spondyloarthritis: Overcoming the Barriers to Early Diagnosis-an Early Inflammatory Back Pain Service. Current rheumatology reports 2020. link 68 Wei JC, Liu CH, Tseng JC, Hsieh LF, Chen CH, Chen HH et al.. Taiwan Rheumatology Association consensus recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2020. link 69 Phang KF, Lahiri M, Fong WWS, Leong KH, Leung YY, Lim AYN et al.. Update on recommendations for eligibility of government subsidization of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis in Singapore. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2020. link 70 Akasbi N, Nihad S, Sofia Z, Khadija EK, Taoufik H. Comparison of Non-radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis and Ankylosing Spondyltis from a Single Rheumatology Hospital in Morocco. Current rheumatology reviews 2020. link 71 Andreasen RA, Kristensen LE, Baraliakos X, Strand V, Mease PJ, de Wit M et al.. Assessing the effect of interventions for axial spondyloarthritis according to the endorsed ASAS/OMERACT core outcome set: a meta-research study of trials included in Cochrane reviews. Arthritis research & therapy 2020. link 72 Baraliakos X, Tsiami S, Redeker I, Tsimopoulos K, Marashi A, Ruetten S et al.. Early recognition of patients with axial spondyloarthritis-evaluation of referral strategies in primary care. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2020. link 73 Resende GG, Meirelles ES, Marques CDL, Chiereghin A, Lyrio AM, Ximenes AC et al.. The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology guidelines for axial spondyloarthritis - 2019. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2020. link 74 Boel A, Molto A, van der Heijde D, Ciurea A, Dougados M, Gensler LS et al.. Do patients with axial spondyloarthritis with radiographic sacroiliitis fulfil both the modified New York criteria and the ASAS axial spondyloarthritis criteria? Results from eight cohorts. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2019. link 75 Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Dubreuil M, Yu D, Khan MA et al.. 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis care & research 2019. link 76 Reuter K, Danve A, Deodhar A. Harnessing the power of social media: how can it help in axial spondyloarthritis research?. Current opinion in rheumatology 2019. link 77 Almodóvar R, Zarco P, Loza E, Bueno Á. Evaluation of a multidisciplinary training program in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with axial spondyloarthritis: PROGRESSES Project. Radiologia 2019. link 78 Tam LS, Wei JC, Aggarwal A, Baek HJ, Cheung PP, Chiowchanwisawakit P et al.. 2018 APLAR axial spondyloarthritis treatment recommendations. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2019. link 79 Bray TJP, Jones A, Bennett AN, Conaghan PG, Grainger A, Hodgson R et al.. Recommendations for acquisition and interpretation of MRI of the spine and sacroiliac joints in the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis in the UK. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2019. link 80 Li A, Huang Y, Zheng S, Tang C, Zhu J, Li J. Clinical observation of Qushi Xiezhuo formula in reducing monosodium urate crystal deposition in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 2019. link 81 Derakhshan MH, Pathak H, Cook D, Dickinson S, Siebert S, Gaffney K. Services for spondyloarthritis: a survey of patients and rheumatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2018. link 82 Braun J, Baraliakos X, Buehring B, Kiltz U, Fruth M. Imaging of axial spondyloarthritis. New aspects and differential diagnoses. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2018. link 83 Tan S, Ward MM. Computed tomography in axial spondyloarthritis. Current opinion in rheumatology 2018. link 84 Peng J, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Xiao Z. Immunohistological analysis of active sacroiliitis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Medicine 2017. link 85 Gensler LS. Physical activity in axial spondyloarthritis-tails from bench to bedside. Clinical rheumatology 2016. link 86 Ward MM, Deodhar A, Akl EA, Lui A, Ermann J, Gensler LS et al.. American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network 2015 Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2016. link 87 Uthman I, Noureldine MH, Arayssi T, Chalhoub NE, Akl EA. How to treat ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Key practical messages from the 2015 American College of Rheumatology recommendations. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2016. link 88 Kiltz U, Boonen A, Braun J, Richter JG. Electronic assessment of disease activity and functioning in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: challenges and unmet needs. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2016. link 89 Deodhar A, Mease PJ, Reveille JD, Curtis JR, Chen S, Malhotra K et al.. Frequency of Axial Spondyloarthritis Diagnosis Among Patients Seen by US Rheumatologists for Evaluation of Chronic Back Pain. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2016. link 90 Danve A, Deodhar A. Screening and referral for axial spondyloarthritis--need of the hour. Clinical rheumatology 2015. link 91 Che H, Etcheto A, Dernis E, Nataf H, Boumier P, Breuillard P et al.. Evaluation of collected outcome measures in axial spondyloarthritis in daily-care rheumatology settings: the experience of the RHEVER network. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2015. link 92 Poddubnyy D, van Tubergen A, Landewé R, Sieper J, van der Heijde D. Development of an ASAS-endorsed recommendation for the early referral of patients with a suspicion of axial spondyloarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2015. link 93 van den Berg R, Lenczner G, Thévenin F, Claudepierre P, Feydy A, Reijnierse M et al.. Classification of axial SpA based on positive imaging (radiographs and/or MRI of the sacroiliac joints) by local rheumatologists or radiologists versus central trained readers in the DESIR cohort. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2015. link 94 Ciurea A, Weber U, Stekhoven D, Scherer A, Tamborrini G, Bernhard J et al.. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in axial spondyloarthritis: comparison between private rheumatology practices and academic centers in a large observational cohort. The Journal of rheumatology 2015. link 95 Chen Y, Chung HY, Zhao CT, Wong A, Zhen Z, Tsang HH et al.. Left ventricular myocardial dysfunction and premature atherosclerosis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2015. link 96 Ward MM. Update on the American College of Rheumatology/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network/Spondylitis Association of America axial spondyloarhtritis treatment guidelines project. Clinical rheumatology 2014. link 97 Deodhar A. Axial spondyloarthritis criteria and modified NY criteria: issues and controversies. Clinical rheumatology 2014. link 98 Harrison AA, Badenhorst C, Kirby S, White D, Athens J, Stebbings S. Comparison of rates of referral and diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis before and after an ankylosing spondylitis public awareness campaign. Clinical rheumatology 2014. link 99 Robinson PC, Bird P, Lim I, Saad N, Schachna L, Taylor AL et al.. Consensus statement on the investigation and management of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). International journal of rheumatic diseases 2014. link 100 Braun J, Kiltz U, Baraliakos X, van der Heijde D. Optimisation of rheumatology assessments - the actual situation in axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2014. link

Original source

[1]
Establishing Centers of Excellence for Axial Spondyloarthritis in Latin America: Consensus Recommendations From the REAL-PANLAR Group. — Garcia-Salinas R, Baraliakos X, Sommerfleck F, Soriano ER, Ribeiro AL, Avellanal V et al. The Journal of rheumatology (2026)
[2]
Diagnostic performance of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging in evaluating sacroiliitis activity in axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. — Valizadeh P, Jannatdoust P, Darmiani K, Mirghaderi P, Stovall R, Chalian M The British journal of radiology (2025)
[3]
Efficacy of upadacitinib in subgroups of patients with axial spondyloarthritis with early versus established disease. — Navarro-Compán V, Van den Bosch F, Sampaio-Barros PD, Östör AJK, Parikh B, Kato K et al. RMD open (2025)
[4]
Long-term safety of bimekizumab in adult patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis: pooled results from integrated phase IIb/III clinical studies. — Mease PJ, Gensler LS, Orbai AM, Warren RB, Bajracharya R, Ink B et al. RMD open (2025)
[5]
Effects of Exercise Therapy in Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression of Randomized Trials. — Zhang M, Liang Z, Tian L, Han Y, Jiang X, Li Y et al. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (2025)
[6]
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases collection on axial spondyloarthritis (2022-2024): advances in the field. — Ramiro S, van der Heijde D Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2025)
[7]
The history of ankylosing spondylitis/axial spondyloarthritis - what is the driving force of new knowledge? — J B, J S, M D Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2025)
[8]
Perspectives of UK Physiotherapists With Expertise in Rheumatology on the Barriers and Facilitators Influencing the Identification of Axial Spondyloarthritis by First Contact Practitioners in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study. — Jones C, Greene G Musculoskeletal care (2025)
[9]
Canadian Rheumatology Association/Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Living Treatment Recommendations for the Management of Axial Spondyloarthritis. — Rohekar S, Pardo JP, Mirza R, Aydin SZ, Bessette L, Richard N et al. The Journal of rheumatology (2025)
[10]
Practice patterns and challenges in the referral, diagnosis, management, and monitoring of axial spondyloarthritis: insights from an online survey of rheumatologists. — Alnaqbi KA, Alaswad M, Al Araimi T, Mahmoud AAA, Al Emadi S, Al Rayes H et al. Rheumatology international (2025)
[11]
Results of an expert Delphi consensus from the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) and the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) on standardized requesting and reporting magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected or known axial spondyloarthritis. — Salaffi F, Carotti M, Martino F, Filippucci E, Farah S, Ramonda R et al. La Radiologia medica (2025)
[12]
Utility of repeat MRI in assessing treatment non-response in axial spondyloarthritis: data from two large tertiary rheumatology centres. — Weddell J, Farah A, Shah R, Rossi L, Lekh S, Mohamud S et al. RMD open (2025)
[13]
South African Rheumatism and Arthritis Association 2024 guidelines for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. — Maharaj AB, Benitha R, Makan K, Du Toit R, Haasbroek D, Balton C et al. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (2024)
[14]
Clinical information on imaging referrals for suspected or known axial spondyloarthritis: recommendations from the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS). — Diekhoff T, Giraudo C, Machado PM, Mallinson M, Eshed I, Haibel H et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024)
[15]
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