Overview
Primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS) is a motor speech disorder characterized by progressive difficulty in planning and executing voluntary speech movements, leading to increasing speech production errors over time despite preserved comprehension 12.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 103 indexed papers.
1 Thomas DC, Gomez M, Muis A, Trezise N, Williamson E, Choo JXM et al.. Caregivers' Experiences of Assessment and Treatment for Their Child With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: An International Questionnaire Study. American journal of speech-language pathology 2026. link 2 St John M, Murray E, Liégeois FJ, Morgan AT. Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2026. link 3 Bislick L, Utianski RL, King C, Nealon K, Wambaugh J, Johnson R et al.. Underreported Demographic Factors in Apraxia of Speech Treatment Studies: Recommendations for Inclusive Research. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2026. link 4 Case J, Grigos MI, Velleman SL, Murray E, Thomas DC, Anumandla S et al.. A Pathway to Research-Reliable Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Multiphase Process for Training Community Clinicians. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 5 Thomas DC, Bricker-Katz G, Murray E, Velleman SL, Iuzzini-Seigel J. Clinician and Caregiver Perspectives on a Community-Based Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing Treatment Trial for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Exploring Perceptions of Research and Routine Clinical Practice. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 6 Grigos MI, Tampakis P, Wang EW, Kolenda N, Strand EA, Wambaugh JL et al.. A Framework for Measuring Treatment Fidelity in Motor-Based Speech Intervention for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 7 Lim J, McCabe P, Purcell A. Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech Through a Dynamic Systems Lens: A Tutorial. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2025. link 8 Highman C, Wylie K, Overby M, Leitão S, Thilakaratne R, McCabe P. "I Just Want Him to Be Understood": Parent Perspectives of the Long-Term Desired Outcomes and Experiences of Early Intervention for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 9 Wang EW, Grigos MI. Naive Listener Ratings of Speech Intelligibility Over the Course of Motor-Based Intervention in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 10 van Tellingen M, Hurkmans J, Terband H, van de Zande AM, Maassen B, Jonkers R. Speech and Music Therapy in the Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: An Introduction and a Case Study. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 11 Highman C, Overby M, Leitão S, Abbiati C, Velleman S. Update on Identification and Treatment of Infants and Toddlers With Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 12 Maas E. Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 13 Mauszycki SC, Bunker LD, Bailey DJ, Wambaugh JL. Speech Intelligibility Outcomes Associated With Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Magnitude of Change and Stability of Measurement. American journal of speech-language pathology 2024. link 14 Namasivayam AK, Shin H, Nisenbaum R, Pukonen M, van Lieshout P. Predictors of Functional Communication Outcomes in Children With Idiopathic Motor Speech Disorders. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 15 Grigos MI, Case J, Lu Y, Lyu Z. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing in Young Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Multiple Single-Case Design. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 16 Preston JL, Caballero NF, Leece MC, Wang D, Herbst BM, Benway NR. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Treatment Distribution and Biofeedback Effects on Speech Production in School-Age Children With Apraxia of Speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 17 Thomas D, Murray E, Williamson E, McCabe P. Weekly Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech With Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment: A Single-Case Experimental Design Study. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 18 Grigos MI, Case J, Lu Y, Lyu Z. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing: Quantifying Speech Motor Changes and Individual Factors That Contribute to Treatment Gains in Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2024. link 19 Case J, Caspari S, Aggarwal P, Stoeckel R. A Goal-Writing Framework for Motor-Based Intervention for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2024. link 20 Gomez M, Purcell A, Jakielski K, McCabe P. A single case experimental design study using an operationalised version of the Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol for children with childhood apraxia of speech. International journal of speech-language pathology 2024. link 21 Namasivayam AK, Cheung K, Atputhajeyam B, Petrosov J, Branham M, Grover V et al.. Effectiveness of the Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Comorbidities When Delivered in a Dyadic and Group Format. American journal of speech-language pathology 2024. link 22 Kallhoff L, Mauszycki S, Rose B, Wambaugh J. The Impact of Telehealth on the Efficacy of Sound Production Treatment. American journal of speech-language pathology 2023. link 23 Lim J, McCabe P, Purcell A. Changes in variability during intervention for childhood apraxia of speech: implications for therapy. Clinical linguistics & phonetics 2023. link 24 Munasinghe TU, Ariyasena ADK, Siriwardhana DD. Speech Therapy Interventions for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Updated Systematic Review. American journal of speech-language pathology 2023. link 25 Cassar C, McCabe P, Cumming S. "I still have issues with pronunciation of words": A mixed methods investigation of the psychosocial and speech effects of Childhood Apraxia of Speech in adults. International journal of speech-language pathology 2023. link 26 King CR, Wambaugh JL, Maas E. A Comparison of Sound Production Treatment and Metrical Pacing Therapy for Apraxia of Speech: A Single-Case Experimental Design. American journal of speech-language pathology 2023. link 27 McCabe P, Preston JL, Evans P, Heard R. A Pilot Randomized Control Trial of Motor-Based Treatments for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and Ultrasound Biofeedback. American journal of speech-language pathology 2023. link 28 Iuzzini-Seigel J. Prologue to the Forum: Care of the Whole Child: Key Considerations When Working With Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools 2022. link 29 Ng WL, McCabe P, Heard R, Park V, Murray E, Thomas D. Predicting Treatment Outcomes in Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2022. link 30 Scarcella I, Michelazzo L, McCabe P. A Pilot Single-Case Experimental Design Study of Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment for Italian Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2021. link 31 Wambaugh JL, Kallhoff L, Nessler C. Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Examination of Dosage in Relation to Probe Performance. American journal of speech-language pathology 2021. link 32 Fiori S, Pannek K, Podda I, Cipriani P, Lorenzoni V, Franchi B et al.. Neural Changes Induced by a Speech Motor Treatment in Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Case Series. Journal of child neurology 2021. link 33 Wambaugh JL, Wright S, Nessler C, Mauszycki SC, Bunker L, Boss E et al.. Further Study of the Effects of Treatment Intensity on Outcomes of Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Does Dose Frequency Matter?. American journal of speech-language pathology 2020. link 34 McKechnie J, Ahmed B, Gutierrez-Osuna R, Murray E, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. The influence of type of feedback during tablet-based delivery of intensive treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of communication disorders 2020. link 35 You L, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhang S, Rao J, Liu L et al.. The Effectiveness of Action Observation Therapy Based on Mirror Neuron Theory in Chinese Patients with Apraxia of Speech after Stroke. European neurology 2019. link 36 Maas E, Gildersleeve-Neumann C, Jakielski K, Kovacs N, Stoeckel R, Vradelis H et al.. Bang for Your Buck: A Single-Case Experimental Design Study of Practice Amount and Distribution in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2019. link 37 Turner SJ, Vogel AP, Parry-Fielder B, Campbell R, Scheffer IE, Morgan AT. Looking to the Future: Speech, Language, and Academic Outcomes in an Adolescent with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) 2019. link 38 Ballard KJ, Etter NM, Shen S, Monroe P, Tien Tan C. Feasibility of Automatic Speech Recognition for Providing Feedback During Tablet-Based Treatment for Apraxia of Speech Plus Aphasia. American journal of speech-language pathology 2019. link 39 Thomas DC, McCabe P, Ballard KJ, Bricker-Katz G. Parent experiences of variations in service delivery of Rapid Syllable Transition (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. Developmental neurorehabilitation 2018. link 40 Wambaugh JL, Wright S, Boss E, Mauszycki SC, DeLong C, Hula W et al.. Effects of Treatment Intensity on Outcomes in Acquired Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2018. link 41 Gomez M, McCabe P, Jakielski K, Purcell A. Treating Childhood Apraxia of Speech With the Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol: A Phase I Pilot Study. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools 2018. link 42 Castillo JC, Álvarez-Fernández D, Alonso-Martín F, Marques-Villarroya S, Salichs MA. Social Robotics in Therapy of Apraxia of Speech. Journal of healthcare engineering 2018. link 43 Thomas DC, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. Combined clinician-parent delivery of rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. International journal of speech-language pathology 2018. link 44 van der Merwe A, Steyn M. Model-Driven Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Positive Effects of the Speech Motor Learning Approach. American journal of speech-language pathology 2018. link 45 Morgan AT, Murray E, Liégeois FJ. Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2018. link 46 Rvachew S, Matthews T. Demonstrating treatment efficacy using the single subject randomization design: A tutorial and demonstration. Journal of communication disorders 2017. link 47 Preston JL, Leece MC, McNamara K, Maas E. Variable Practice to Enhance Speech Learning in Ultrasound Biofeedback Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Single Case Experimental Study. American journal of speech-language pathology 2017. link 48 Mauszycki SC, Bailey DJ, Wambaugh JL. Acquired Apraxia of Speech: The Relationship Between Awareness of Errors in Word Productions and Treatment Outcomes. American journal of speech-language pathology 2017. link 49 Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Wright S, Mauszycki SC, DeLong C, Berggren K et al.. Effects of Blocked and Random Practice Schedule on Outcomes of Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Results of a Group Investigation. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2017. link 50 Rusiewicz HL, Rivera JL. The Effect of Hand Gesture Cues Within the Treatment of /r/ for a College-Aged Adult With Persisting Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2017. link 51 Wambaugh J, Nessler C, Wright S, Mauszycki S, DeLong C. Sound production treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: Effects of blocked and random practice on multisyllabic word production. International journal of speech-language pathology 2016. link 52 Mauszycki SC, Wright S, Dingus N, Wambaugh JL. The Use of Electropalatography in the Treatment of Acquired Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2016. link 53 Thomas DC, McCabe P, Ballard KJ, Lincoln M. Telehealth delivery of Rapid Syllable Transitions (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. International journal of language & communication disorders 2016. link 54 Tierney CD, Pitterle K, Kurtz M, Nakhla M, Todorow C. Bridging the Gap Between Speech and Language: Using Multimodal Treatment in a Child With Apraxia. Pediatrics 2016. link 55 Lüke C. Impact of speech-generating devices on the language development of a child with childhood apraxia of speech: a case study. Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology 2016. link 56 Oommen ER, McCarthy JW. Simultaneous natural speech and AAC interventions for children with childhood apraxia of speech: lessons from a speech-language pathologist focus group. Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md. : 1985) 2015. link 57 Bailey DJ, Eatchel K, Wambaugh J. Sound Production Treatment: Synthesis and Quantification of Outcomes. American journal of speech-language pathology 2015. link 58 Murray E, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. A Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech Comparing Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme-Third Edition. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2015. link 59 Namasivayam AK, Pukonen M, Goshulak D, Hard J, Rudzicz F, Rietveld T et al.. Treatment intensity and childhood apraxia of speech. International journal of language & communication disorders 2015. link 60 Bolognini N, Convento S, Banco E, Mattioli F, Tesio L, Vallar G. Improving ideomotor limb apraxia by electrical stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex. Brain : a journal of neurology 2015. link 61 Murray E, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. A systematic review of treatment outcomes for children with childhood apraxia of speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 62 McCabe P, Macdonald-D'Silva AG, van Rees LJ, Ballard KJ, Arciuli J. Orthographically sensitive treatment for dysprosody in children with childhood apraxia of speech using ReST intervention. Developmental neurorehabilitation 2014. link 63 Skelton SL, Hagopian AL. Using randomized variable practice in the treatment of childhood apraxia of speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 64 Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Wright S, Mauszycki SC. Sound production treatment: effects of blocked and random practice. American journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 65 Thomas DC, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. Rapid Syllable Transitions (ReST) treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: the effect of lower dose-frequency. Journal of communication disorders 2014. link 66 Preston JL, Brick N, Landi N. Ultrasound biofeedback treatment for persisting childhood apraxia of speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2013. link) 67 Mailend ML, Maas E. Speech motor programming in apraxia of speech: evidence from a delayed picture-word interference task. American journal of speech-language pathology 2013. link) 68 Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Cameron R, Mauszycki SC. Treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: examination of treatment intensity and practice schedule. American journal of speech-language pathology 2013. link) 69 Dale PS, Hayden DA. Treating speech subsystems in childhood apraxia of speech with tactual input: the PROMPT approach. American journal of speech-language pathology 2013. link) 70 Maas E, Butalla CE, Farinella KA. Feedback frequency in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2012. link) 71 Maas E, Farinella KA. Random versus blocked practice in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2012. link) 72 Hurkmans J, Jonkers R, Boonstra AM, Stewart RE, Reinders-Messelink HA. Assessing the treatment effects in apraxia of speech: introduction and evaluation of the Modified Diadochokinesis Test. International journal of language & communication disorders 2012. link 73 Whiteside SP, Inglis AL, Dyson L, Roper A, Harbottle A, Ryder J et al.. Error reduction therapy in reducing struggle and grope behaviours in apraxia of speech. Neuropsychological rehabilitation 2012. link 74 Murray E, McCabe P, Ballard KJ. A comparison of two treatments for childhood apraxia of speech: methods and treatment protocol for a parallel group randomised control trial. BMC pediatrics 2012. link 75 Youmans G, Youmans SR, Hancock AB. Script training treatment for adults with apraxia of speech. American journal of speech-language pathology 2011. link) 76 Edeal DM, Gildersleeve-Neumann CE. The importance of production frequency in therapy for childhood apraxia of speech. 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