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Occupational Medicine267 papers

Injury of nerve at hand level

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

High-pressure injection injuries and crush injuries are significant causes of nerve damage at the hand level, often resulting from industrial accidents, occupational hazards, and agricultural machinery use. These injuries can lead to severe functional impairment and require prompt and specialized management.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Pain, swelling, discoloration, and loss of function 118.
  • Diagnostic Imaging: Radiography and MRI to assess bone and soft tissue damage 314.
  • Neurological Assessment: Sensory and motor function testing to evaluate nerve involvement 1828.
  • Grading Systems: Utilize systems like the Lund and Browder scale for severity assessment 13.

    • Management

  • Initial Care: Immediate irrigation and decompression for high-pressure injection injuries 118.
  • Surgical Intervention: Debridement and repair of damaged tissues; nerve repair if indicated 114.
  • Antibiotics: Prophylactic use in cases of open wounds to prevent infection 2224.
  • Pain Management: Multimodal analgesia including regional anesthesia (digital nerve blocks) 927.
  • Rehabilitation: Early mobilization and physiotherapy to restore function 1226.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Consider growth plate preservation in surgical interventions 1011.
  • Elderly: Focus on minimizing complications and optimizing functional outcomes 12.
  • Comorbidities: Tailor treatment plans to accommodate coexisting conditions affecting recovery 26.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Prompt Irrigation and Decompression for high-pressure injection injuries to reduce tissue damage and infection risk (Evidence: Strong 118).
  • Early Surgical Intervention when indicated to improve functional outcomes and minimize complications (Evidence: Moderate 114).
  • Use of Digital Nerve Blocks for effective pain management during initial treatment phases (Evidence: Moderate 927).
  • Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programs to enhance recovery and return to work (Evidence: Moderate 1226).
  • Psychological Support for patients to address PTSD symptoms that may impact recovery and return to work (Evidence: Weak 36).

    • References

    1 Cornely RM, Abbott EN, Gutama B, Savitz B, Torres-Guzman R, Rogers JL et al.. Recognising high-pressure injection injuries to the hand: a practice review with guidance for emergency physicians. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2026. link 2 Gwilliam MK, Socias-Morales CM, Hendricks SA, Innes KE, Reichard AA, Stallings HA et al.. Analysis of Severity of Finger, Hand, and Wrist Injuries Among Department of Air Force Workers. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2026. link 3 Wang MR, Jeng T, Shah I, Sobti N, Dimbo E, Lee M et al.. Evaluation of Occupational Crush Fractures of the Hand and Time Off Work. Rhode Island medical journal (2013) 2026. link 4 Simmons E, Vesselle A, Yildirim B, Bafus BT. High-Pressure Refrigerant Gas Injection Injury to the Hand. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2025. link 5 Öztürk V, Bektaş M. An endemic threat of agricultural mechanization: Hand injuries caused by electric pruning shears. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES 2025. link 6 Vasdeki D, Barmpitsioti A, De Leo A, Dailiana Z. HOW TO PREVENT HAND INJURIES - REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA IS THE FIRST STEP IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT. Injury 2024. link 7 Faulkner H, Graham DJ, Hile M, Lawson RD, Sivakumar BS. Hemi-hamate Arthroplasty for Base of Middle Phalanx Fracture: A Systematic Review. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 8 Luria S, Khatib H, Haj ME, Volk I, Calderon-Margalit R. Occupational hand trauma - Mechanism of injury and transient risk factors in Jerusalem. Injury 2023. link 9 Gottlieb M, Penington A, Schraft E. Digital Nerve Blocks: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques. The Journal of emergency medicine 2022. link 10 Leti Acciaro A, Ramponi L, Adani R. Outpatient paediatric hand surgery: strategy in healthcare implementation and cost-efficient manner. Musculoskeletal surgery 2022. link 11 Dizin F, Saab M, Mézel A, Guerre E, Chantelot C. Epidemiology of pediatric hand surgery emergencies. Retrospective study of 245 patients seen over 10 months in two referral centers. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2022. link 12 Mohamad Sabri MQ, Judd J, Roslan NFA, Che Daud AZ. Hand characteristics and functional abilities in predicting return to work in adult workers with traumatic hand injury. Work (Reading, Mass.) 2022. link 13 Gray A, Young C. Effects of Injury Pattern and Treatment on Case Length and Disposition for Hand Injuries Treated Under a Workers' Compensation Claim. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 14 Sanderson M, Mohr B, Abraham MK. The Emergent Evaluation and Treatment of Hand and Wrist Injuries: An Update. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2020. link 15 Farley KX, Aizpuru M, Boden SH, Wagner ER, Gottschalk MB, Daly CA. Avocado-related knife injuries: Describing an epidemic of hand injury. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 16 Jackson KR, Nixon AT, Pollins A, Mueller MA, Thayer SM, Anthony JR et al.. An Evaluation of Emergency Hand Coverage in Tennessee After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Annals of plastic surgery 2019. link 17 Deptula P, Chang K, Chang J. Teaching Hand Surgery in the Developing World: Utilizing Educational Resources in Global Health. Hand clinics 2019. link 18 Sharma R, John JR, Sharma RK. High-pressure chemical injection injury to the hand: usually underestimated injury with major consequences. BMJ case reports 2019. link 19 Marom BS, Ratzon NZ, Carel RS, Sharabi M. Return-to-Work Barriers Among Manual Workers After Hand Injuries: 1-Year Follow-up Cohort Study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2019. link 20 Alawi SA, Werner D, Könneker S, Achenbach J, Vogt PM, Jokuszies A. [Emergencies in Plastic Surgery: Analysis of Emergency Presentation within a University Department for Plastic and Hand Surgery]. Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Handchirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Mikrochirurgie der Peripheren Nerven und Gefasse : Organ der V... 2018. link 21 Sozbilen MC, Dastan AE, Gunay H, Kucuk L. A prospective study of angle grinder injuries in the hands and forearms during a one-year period. Hand surgery & rehabilitation 2018. link 22 Wu Z, Guo Y, Gao J, Zhou J, Li S, Wang Z et al.. The epidemiology of acute occupational hand injuries treated in emergency departments in Foshan City, South China. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES 2018. link 23 Hammig B, Jones C. Emergency Department Visits for Hand and Finger Injuries Associated with the Use of Log Splitters. Journal of agricultural safety and health 2017. link 24 McEvenue G, FitzPatrick F, von Schroeder HP. An Educational Intervention to Improve Splinting of Common Hand Injuries. The Journal of emergency medicine 2016. link 25 Weatherford K. Selecting the Best Hand Protection for the Task. Occupational health & safety (Waco, Tex.) 2016. link 26 Chen YH, Hsu CY, Lien SH, Yu SJ, Chang JM, Su SW et al.. Entry into vocational rehabilitation program following work-related hand injury: Potential candidates. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 2016. link 27 Ketonis C, Ilyas AM, Liss F. Pain management strategies in hand surgery. The Orthopedic clinics of North America 2015. link 28 Khurram MF, Masoodi Z, Yaseen M, Bariar LM, Haq A. Hand amputations: epidemiology, management and resurfacing options for soft tissue coverage. Journal of wound care 2015. link 29 Goliver JA, Adamow JS, Goliver J. Hamate body and capitate fracture in punch injury. The American journal of emergency medicine 2014. link 30 Hu J, Jiang Y, Liang Y, Yu IT, Leng H, He Y. Predictors of return to work and duration of absence following work-related hand injury. International journal of injury control and safety promotion 2014. link 31 Lipscomb HJ, Schoenfisch A, Cameron W. Work-related injuries involving a hand or fingers among union carpenters in Washington State, 1989 to 2008. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2013. link 32 Gee C. Isolated trapezium subluxation in EMS provider with a novel reduction technique. The American journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 33 Ozçelik B, Ertürer E, Mersa B, Purisa H, Sezer I, Tunçer S et al.. An alternative classification of occupational hand injuries based on etiologic mechanisms: the ECOHI classification. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES 2012. link 34 Kaya Bicer E, Kucuk L, Kececi B, Murat Ozturk A, Cetinkaya S, Ozdemir O et al.. Evaluation of the risk factors for acute occupational hand injuries. Chirurgie de la main 2011. link 35 Rickman S, Taylor DM, Taylor SE. An intervention trial increases the evidence-based use of bupivacaine in hand injuries. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2010. link 36 Opsteegh L, Reinders-Messelink HA, Groothoff JW, Postema K, Dijkstra PU, van der Sluis CK. Symptoms of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with acute hand injuries. The Journal of hand surgery 2010. link 37 Burke FD. Guy Pulvertaft--an appreciation. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 2009. link 38 Dickson JK, Morris G, Heron M. The importance of hand anatomy in the accident and emergency department: assessment of hand anatomy knowledge in doctors in training. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 2009. link 39 Melone CP, Polatsch DB, Beldner S. Disabling hand injuries in boxing: boxer's knuckle and traumatic carpal boss. Clinics in sports medicine 2009. link 40 Malic C, Jivan S, Majumder S. A simple model for hand trauma training. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 2007. link 41 Hong E. Hand injuries in sports medicine. Primary care 2005. link 42 Hoffman RD, Adams BD. Antimicrobial management of mutilating hand injuries. Hand clinics 2003. link00055-0) 43 Morrison CM, Thompson NW, Herbert KJ, Brennen MD. Missed injuries in the acutely traumatised hand. The Ulster medical journal 2003. link 44 Wilgis EF. Classic papers in hand surgery. The Journal of hand surgery 2000. link 45 Pereira JA, Schonauer F, Belcher HJ. A simple technique for applying local splintage to the fingers. Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1999. link 46 Alexy C, De Carlo M. Rehabilitation and use of protective devices in hand and wrist injuries. Clinics in sports medicine 1998. link70106-x) 47 Stutts JT, Kasdan ML. Psychosocial aspects of hand injuries and diseases. Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) 1998. link 48 Benaglia PG, Sartorio F, Ingenito R. Evaluation of a thermoplastic splint to protect the proximal interphalangeal joints of volleyball players. Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists 1996. link80012-3) 49 Otthiers J. A hand glove splint for attachment of dynamic components. Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists 1995. link80156-6) 50 Parker MR. The use of protective gloves, the incidence of ampoule injury and the prevalence of hand laceration amongst anaesthetic personnel. Anaesthesia 1995. link 51 Hughes LA, Freiberg A. Irreducible MP joint dislocation due to entrapment of FPL. Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1993. link90226-6) 52 Johnson RK. Psychologic assessment of patients with industrial hand injuries. Hand clinics 1993. link 53 Kerr HD. Hamate-metacarpal fracture dislocation. The Journal of emergency medicine 1992. link90138-j) 54 . Evaluating acute hand injuries in the emergency department: a comparison of physicians with varying postgraduate training backgrounds. St Louis Emergency Physicians' Association Research Group. The American journal of emergency medicine 1992. link90040-5) 55 Eilers MA, Chapman J, Krohmer J, Sheets CA, Carter D, Shapter J et al.. Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: hand surgery. The Journal of emergency medicine 1990. link90472-8) 56 Bollen SR, Gunson CK. Hand injuries in competition climbers. British journal of sports medicine 1990. link 57 Stein A, Lemos M, Stein S. Clinical evaluation of flexor tendon function in the small finger. Annals of emergency medicine 1990. link82560-0) 58 Araki S, Ohtani T, Tanaka T. Open dorsal metacarpophalangeal dislocations of the index, long, and ring fingers. The Journal of hand surgery 1987. link80023-0) 59 Milward T. A new hinged elevating hand table. The Hand 1982. link80054-5) 60 Buckhout BC, Warner MA. Digital perfusion of handball players. Effects of repeated ball impact on structures of the hand. The American journal of sports medicine 1980. link 61 Hadler NM, Gillings DB, Imbus HR, Levitin PM, Makuc D, Utsinger PD et al.. Hand structure and function in an industrial setting. Arthritis and rheumatism 1978. link 62 Apfelberg DB, Lash H, Maser MR, Ringer J, Armbruster RH. High-pressure silicone injection injury of the hand. The Journal of trauma 1975. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Recognising high-pressure injection injuries to the hand: a practice review with guidance for emergency physicians. — Cornely RM, Abbott EN, Gutama B, Savitz B, Torres-Guzman R, Rogers JL et al. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2026)
    2. [2]
      Analysis of Severity of Finger, Hand, and Wrist Injuries Among Department of Air Force Workers. — Gwilliam MK, Socias-Morales CM, Hendricks SA, Innes KE, Reichard AA, Stallings HA et al. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine (2026)
    3. [3]
      Evaluation of Occupational Crush Fractures of the Hand and Time Off Work. — Wang MR, Jeng T, Shah I, Sobti N, Dimbo E, Lee M et al. Rhode Island medical journal (2013) (2026)
    4. [4]
      High-Pressure Refrigerant Gas Injection Injury to the Hand. — Simmons E, Vesselle A, Yildirim B, Bafus BT Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews (2025)
    5. [5]
      An endemic threat of agricultural mechanization: Hand injuries caused by electric pruning shears. — Öztürk V, Bektaş M Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES (2025)
    6. [6]
      HOW TO PREVENT HAND INJURIES - REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA IS THE FIRST STEP IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT. — Vasdeki D, Barmpitsioti A, De Leo A, Dailiana Z Injury (2024)
    7. [7]
      Hemi-hamate Arthroplasty for Base of Middle Phalanx Fracture: A Systematic Review. — Faulkner H, Graham DJ, Hile M, Lawson RD, Sivakumar BS Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2023)
    8. [8]
      Occupational hand trauma - Mechanism of injury and transient risk factors in Jerusalem. — Luria S, Khatib H, Haj ME, Volk I, Calderon-Margalit R Injury (2023)
    9. [9]
      Digital Nerve Blocks: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques. — Gottlieb M, Penington A, Schraft E The Journal of emergency medicine (2022)
    10. [10]
      Outpatient paediatric hand surgery: strategy in healthcare implementation and cost-efficient manner. — Leti Acciaro A, Ramponi L, Adani R Musculoskeletal surgery (2022)
    11. [11]
      Epidemiology of pediatric hand surgery emergencies. Retrospective study of 245 patients seen over 10 months in two referral centers. — Dizin F, Saab M, Mézel A, Guerre E, Chantelot C Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2022)
    12. [12]
      Hand characteristics and functional abilities in predicting return to work in adult workers with traumatic hand injury. — Mohamad Sabri MQ, Judd J, Roslan NFA, Che Daud AZ Work (Reading, Mass.) (2022)
    13. [13]
      Effects of Injury Pattern and Treatment on Case Length and Disposition for Hand Injuries Treated Under a Workers' Compensation Claim. — Gray A, Young C Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2022)
    14. [14]
      The Emergent Evaluation and Treatment of Hand and Wrist Injuries: An Update. — Sanderson M, Mohr B, Abraham MK Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2020)
    15. [15]
      Avocado-related knife injuries: Describing an epidemic of hand injury. — Farley KX, Aizpuru M, Boden SH, Wagner ER, Gottschalk MB, Daly CA The American journal of emergency medicine (2020)
    16. [16]
      An Evaluation of Emergency Hand Coverage in Tennessee After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. — Jackson KR, Nixon AT, Pollins A, Mueller MA, Thayer SM, Anthony JR et al. Annals of plastic surgery (2019)
    17. [17]
      Teaching Hand Surgery in the Developing World: Utilizing Educational Resources in Global Health. — Deptula P, Chang K, Chang J Hand clinics (2019)
    18. [18]
      High-pressure chemical injection injury to the hand: usually underestimated injury with major consequences. — Sharma R, John JR, Sharma RK BMJ case reports (2019)
    19. [19]
      Return-to-Work Barriers Among Manual Workers After Hand Injuries: 1-Year Follow-up Cohort Study. — Marom BS, Ratzon NZ, Carel RS, Sharabi M Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (2019)
    20. [20]
      [Emergencies in Plastic Surgery: Analysis of Emergency Presentation within a University Department for Plastic and Hand Surgery]. — Alawi SA, Werner D, Könneker S, Achenbach J, Vogt PM, Jokuszies A Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Handchirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Mikrochirurgie der Peripheren Nerven und Gefasse : Organ der V... (2018)
    21. [21]
      A prospective study of angle grinder injuries in the hands and forearms during a one-year period. — Sozbilen MC, Dastan AE, Gunay H, Kucuk L Hand surgery & rehabilitation (2018)
    22. [22]
      The epidemiology of acute occupational hand injuries treated in emergency departments in Foshan City, South China. — Wu Z, Guo Y, Gao J, Zhou J, Li S, Wang Z et al. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES (2018)
    23. [23]
      Emergency Department Visits for Hand and Finger Injuries Associated with the Use of Log Splitters. — Hammig B, Jones C Journal of agricultural safety and health (2017)
    24. [24]
      An Educational Intervention to Improve Splinting of Common Hand Injuries. — McEvenue G, FitzPatrick F, von Schroeder HP The Journal of emergency medicine (2016)
    25. [25]
      Selecting the Best Hand Protection for the Task. — Weatherford K Occupational health & safety (Waco, Tex.) (2016)
    26. [26]
      Entry into vocational rehabilitation program following work-related hand injury: Potential candidates. — Chen YH, Hsu CY, Lien SH, Yu SJ, Chang JM, Su SW et al. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health (2016)
    27. [27]
      Pain management strategies in hand surgery. — Ketonis C, Ilyas AM, Liss F The Orthopedic clinics of North America (2015)
    28. [28]
      Hand amputations: epidemiology, management and resurfacing options for soft tissue coverage. — Khurram MF, Masoodi Z, Yaseen M, Bariar LM, Haq A Journal of wound care (2015)
    29. [29]
      Hamate body and capitate fracture in punch injury. — Goliver JA, Adamow JS, Goliver J The American journal of emergency medicine (2014)
    30. [30]
      Predictors of return to work and duration of absence following work-related hand injury. — Hu J, Jiang Y, Liang Y, Yu IT, Leng H, He Y International journal of injury control and safety promotion (2014)
    31. [31]
      Work-related injuries involving a hand or fingers among union carpenters in Washington State, 1989 to 2008. — Lipscomb HJ, Schoenfisch A, Cameron W Journal of occupational and environmental medicine (2013)
    32. [32]
      Isolated trapezium subluxation in EMS provider with a novel reduction technique. — Gee C The American journal of emergency medicine (2012)
    33. [33]
      An alternative classification of occupational hand injuries based on etiologic mechanisms: the ECOHI classification. — Ozçelik B, Ertürer E, Mersa B, Purisa H, Sezer I, Tunçer S et al. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES (2012)
    34. [34]
      Evaluation of the risk factors for acute occupational hand injuries. — Kaya Bicer E, Kucuk L, Kececi B, Murat Ozturk A, Cetinkaya S, Ozdemir O et al. Chirurgie de la main (2011)
    35. [35]
      An intervention trial increases the evidence-based use of bupivacaine in hand injuries. — Rickman S, Taylor DM, Taylor SE Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2010)
    36. [36]
      Symptoms of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with acute hand injuries. — Opsteegh L, Reinders-Messelink HA, Groothoff JW, Postema K, Dijkstra PU, van der Sluis CK The Journal of hand surgery (2010)
    37. [37]
      Guy Pulvertaft--an appreciation. — Burke FD The Journal of hand surgery, European volume (2009)
    38. [38]
      The importance of hand anatomy in the accident and emergency department: assessment of hand anatomy knowledge in doctors in training. — Dickson JK, Morris G, Heron M The Journal of hand surgery, European volume (2009)
    39. [39]
      Disabling hand injuries in boxing: boxer's knuckle and traumatic carpal boss. — Melone CP, Polatsch DB, Beldner S Clinics in sports medicine (2009)
    40. [40]
      A simple model for hand trauma training. — Malic C, Jivan S, Majumder S The Journal of hand surgery, European volume (2007)
    41. [41]
      Hand injuries in sports medicine. — Hong E Primary care (2005)
    42. [42]
      Antimicrobial management of mutilating hand injuries. — Hoffman RD, Adams BD Hand clinics (2003)
    43. [43]
      Missed injuries in the acutely traumatised hand. — Morrison CM, Thompson NW, Herbert KJ, Brennen MD The Ulster medical journal (2003)
    44. [44]
      Classic papers in hand surgery. — Wilgis EF The Journal of hand surgery (2000)
    45. [45]
      A simple technique for applying local splintage to the fingers. — Pereira JA, Schonauer F, Belcher HJ Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) (1999)
    46. [46]
      Rehabilitation and use of protective devices in hand and wrist injuries. — Alexy C, De Carlo M Clinics in sports medicine (1998)
    47. [47]
      Psychosocial aspects of hand injuries and diseases. — Stutts JT, Kasdan ML Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) (1998)
    48. [48]
      Evaluation of a thermoplastic splint to protect the proximal interphalangeal joints of volleyball players. — Benaglia PG, Sartorio F, Ingenito R Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists (1996)
    49. [49]
      A hand glove splint for attachment of dynamic components. — Otthiers J Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists (1995)
    50. [50]
      The use of protective gloves, the incidence of ampoule injury and the prevalence of hand laceration amongst anaesthetic personnel. — Parker MR Anaesthesia (1995)
    51. [51]
      Irreducible MP joint dislocation due to entrapment of FPL. — Hughes LA, Freiberg A Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) (1993)
    52. [52]
      Psychologic assessment of patients with industrial hand injuries. — Johnson RK Hand clinics (1993)
    53. [53]
      Hamate-metacarpal fracture dislocation. — Kerr HD The Journal of emergency medicine (1992)
    54. [54]
      Evaluating acute hand injuries in the emergency department: a comparison of physicians with varying postgraduate training backgrounds. St Louis Emergency Physicians' Association Research Group. The American journal of emergency medicine (1992)
    55. [55]
      Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: hand surgery. — Eilers MA, Chapman J, Krohmer J, Sheets CA, Carter D, Shapter J et al. The Journal of emergency medicine (1990)
    56. [56]
      Hand injuries in competition climbers. — Bollen SR, Gunson CK British journal of sports medicine (1990)
    57. [57]
      Clinical evaluation of flexor tendon function in the small finger. — Stein A, Lemos M, Stein S Annals of emergency medicine (1990)
    58. [58]
      Open dorsal metacarpophalangeal dislocations of the index, long, and ring fingers. — Araki S, Ohtani T, Tanaka T The Journal of hand surgery (1987)
    59. [59]
      A new hinged elevating hand table. — Milward T The Hand (1982)
    60. [60]
      Digital perfusion of handball players. Effects of repeated ball impact on structures of the hand. — Buckhout BC, Warner MA The American journal of sports medicine (1980)
    61. [61]
      Hand structure and function in an industrial setting. — Hadler NM, Gillings DB, Imbus HR, Levitin PM, Makuc D, Utsinger PD et al. Arthritis and rheumatism (1978)
    62. [62]
      High-pressure silicone injection injury of the hand. — Apfelberg DB, Lash H, Maser MR, Ringer J, Armbruster RH The Journal of trauma (1975)
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