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Neurology774 papers

Cranial nerve disorder

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Cranial nerve disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting the twelve pairs of nerves that emerge from the brainstem and control various functions including vision, hearing, facial movement, swallowing, and balance. These disorders can result from diverse etiologies such as infections, tumors, vascular events, and neurodegenerative processes.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Symptoms vary based on the affected nerve(s), including motor deficits, sensory disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction.
  • Neurological Examination: Essential for identifying specific cranial nerve palsies.
  • Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans to rule out structural causes like tumors or vascular malformations 834.
  • Electrophysiological Tests: Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies may be useful in assessing peripheral involvement 24.
  • Laboratory Tests: Blood tests to exclude systemic causes such as infections or metabolic disorders 12.
  • Management

  • Specific Treatments: Address underlying causes (e.g., surgical intervention for tumors, anticoagulation for vascular events) 834.
  • Symptomatic Relief: Medications for pain management, such as anticonvulsants or muscle relaxants, depending on symptoms 24.
  • Physical/Occupational Therapy: To maintain function and prevent complications 10.
  • Supportive Care: Including speech therapy for cranial nerves affecting speech and swallowing 10.
  • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of polypharmacy-related cranial nerve disorders; careful medication review is crucial 249.
  • Comorbidities: Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) may require monitoring for neurological complications due to potential anemia and its treatment 52129.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Comprehensive Evaluation: Include detailed neurological examination and imaging to identify structural causes of cranial nerve disorders (Evidence: Moderate 834).
  • Tailored Treatment Plans: Address both the underlying etiology and symptomatic relief, considering patient-specific factors (Evidence: Moderate 12).
  • Monitor Polypharmacy: In elderly patients, regularly assess and manage medication lists to prevent iatrogenic cranial nerve disorders (Evidence: Moderate 249).
  • Multidisciplinary Approach: Utilize input from neurologists, surgeons, and therapists to optimize management (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 229 indexed papers.

    1 Weaver R, Velez B, Weissberger ML, Zimmerman KM. Development and Implementation of a Medical Cannabis Clinic Within a Geriatrics Primary Care Clinic: Preliminary Data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2026. link 2 Mogi M, Liu S, Suzuki Y, Shibata Y, Yamada S. Further Insights Into Anticholinergic Action Informed by Japanese Anticholinergic Risk Scale. Geriatrics & gerontology international 2026. link 3 Aoki H, Suzuki Y, Kaneko H, Ko T, Okada A, Takeda N et al.. Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide, Real-world Cohort Study. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2026. link 4 Kataria S, Inggas MAM, Patel U, Wijaya JH, Yabut K, Ayub MA et al.. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stem Cell Therapies for Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy, Osteoarthritis, and Spinal Cord Injuries. Current pain and headache reports 2025. link 5 Greenberg PL, Stone RM, Abaza Y, Al-Kali A, Anand S, Ball B et al.. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Version 2.2025. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2025. link 6 Manolis AJ, Collins P, Kallistratos MS, Rosano G. Key messages and critical approach of the 2024 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology on chronic coronary syndromes. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2025. link 7 Namba HF, Boerhout CKM, Damman P, Kunadian V, Escaned J, Ong P et al.. Invasive coronary function testing in clinical practice: Implementing the 2024 ESC guidelines on chronic coronary syndromes. International journal of cardiology 2025. link 8 Issa M, Cioana M, Popovic MM, Donaldson L, Micieli J, Margolin E. Analysis of diplopia referrals in a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology center. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 9 Gisriel SD, Aakash F, Bennett JM, Hasserjian RP, Loghavi S, DeZern AE et al.. Standardization of Bone Marrow Reporting for Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Neoplasms on Behalf of the International Consortium for Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Neoplasms. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2025. link 10 Greenstein LS. A 'COMMON SENSE' approach to geriatric patients in clinical practice. South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care 2025. link 11 Tokatlı M, Balcı C. Academic outcomes of geriatric medicine theses in internal medicine residency: a 25-year nationwide review in Türkiye. BMC medical education 2025. link 12 Efendioglu EM, Cigiloglu A. An artificial intelligence perspective on geriatric syndromes: assessing the information accuracy and readability of ChatGPT. European geriatric medicine 2025. link 13 Flores R, Jantea R, Wilson LM, Lathia A, Jabeen S, Moshe SB et al.. Enhancing Geriatric Knowledge and Board Certification Outcomes Through AGS Pre-Conference Board Review Course. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2025. link 14 Cheng HY. ChatGPT's Attitude, Knowledge, and Clinical Application in Geriatrics Practice and Education: Exploratory Observational Study. JMIR formative research 2025. link 15 Kujawska A, Kujawski S, Zupkauskienė J, Husejko J, Hajec W, Robertson CE et al.. Prevalence, co-existence, and factors related to a change in geriatric giant syndromes over 2 years: results of the Second Wave of Cognition of Older People, Education, Recreational Activities, NutritIon, Comorbidities, fUnctional Capacity Studies (COPERNICUS). Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society 2025. link 16 Hu Q, Zeng Y, Cai L, Liang H, Lv J, Luo J et al.. Exploring geriatric syndromes among physically disabled older adults: A network analysis. Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 17 Reynolds HR, Smilowitz NR. Ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries in the 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 2025. link 18 Satoh TK. Genetic mutations in pyoderma gangrenosum, hidradenitis suppurativa, and associated autoinflammatory syndromes: Insights into pathogenic mechanisms and shared pathways. The Journal of dermatology 2024. link 19 Papillon-Ferland L, Sadowski CA. Case mapping of geriatrics: Looking beyond age in skills laboratories. Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning 2024. link 20 Shen S, Zeng X, Hui X, Chen L, Zhang J, Chen X. Application, knowledge and training needs regarding comprehensive geriatric assessment among geriatric practitioners in healthcare institutions: a cross-sectional study. BMC geriatrics 2024. link 21 Sarocchi M, Li J, Li X, Wu D, Montaño Figueroa E, Rodriguez MG et al.. Cardiac effects of deferasirox in transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: TELESTO study. British journal of haematology 2024. link 22 Zeidan AM, Platzbecker U, Bewersdorf JP, Stahl M, Adès L, Borate U et al.. Consensus proposal for revised International Working Group 2023 response criteria for higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 2023. link 23 Al B, Bruno M, Röring RJ, Moorlag SJCFM, Suen TK, Klück V et al.. Peripheral T Cell Populations are Differentially Affected in Familial Mediterranean Fever, Chronic Granulomatous Disease, and Gout. Journal of clinical immunology 2023. link 24 Tan E, Wang MQW, Leong S, Chou H, Too CW. Neurological pain relief interventional radiology procedures. Clinical radiology 2023. link 25 Bauones S, Cazzato RL, Dalili D, Koch G, Garnon J, Gantzer J et al.. Precision pain management in interventional radiology. Clinical radiology 2023. link 26 McQuown CM, Tsivitse EK. Nonspecific Complaints in Older Emergency Department Patients. Clinics in geriatric medicine 2023. link 27 Smeekes OS, Willems HC, Blomberg I, Rouwette EAJA, Buurman BM. Implementing online group model building to unravel complex geriatric problems, a methodological description. BMC geriatrics 2023. link 28 Kanne GE, McConnell ES, Disco ME, Black MC, Upchurch G, Matters LM et al.. The interagency care team: A new model to integrate social and medical care for older adults in primary care. Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 29 Mądry K, Lis K, Fenaux P, Bowen D, Symeonidis A, Mittelman M et al.. Cause of death and excess mortality in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): A report from the European MDS registry. British journal of haematology 2023. link 30 Galli M, Vescovo GM, Andreotti F, D'Amario D, Leone AM, Benenati S et al.. Impact of coronary stenting on top of medical therapy and of inclusion of periprocedural infarctions on hard composite endpoints in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2023. link 31 Yamaoka K, Fujiwara M, Uchida M, Uesawa Y, Muroi N, Shimizu T. Adverse Event Profile of Azacitidine: Analysis by Route of Administration Using Japanese Pharmacovigilance Database. Oncology 2023. link 32 Khanam R, Shahzad M, Chaudhary SG, Ali F, Shah Z, Pachika PS et al.. Outcomes after venetoclax with hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia & lymphoma 2022. link 33 . Two Distinct Differentiation Patterns Contribute to MDS Disease Progression. Cancer discovery 2022. link 34 Ho JC, Liang L, Grigsby EM, Balaguer JM, Karapetyan V, Schaeffer DJ et al.. Robot Assisted Neurosurgery for High-Accuracy, Minimally-Invasive Deep Brain Electrophysiology in Monkeys. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2022. link 35 Hwang SM, Nam Y. Complete blood count and cell population data parameters from the Abbott Alinity hq analyzer are useful in differentiating myelodysplastic syndromes from other forms of cytopenia. International journal of laboratory hematology 2022. link 36 Zhu J, Lemaire P, Mathis S, Ronez E, Clauser S, Jondeau K et al.. Machine learning-based improvement of MDS-CBC score brings platelets into the limelight to optimize smear review in the hematology laboratory. BMC cancer 2022. link 37 Huang HH, Lin PY, Chen TY, Wang TY, Chang JC, Peng LN et al.. Geriatric syndromes predict mortality of people aged 75+ years in the observation room of emergency department: Towards function-centric emergency medicine. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2022. link 38 Khan AO. Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorder Complicated by Ipsilateral Orbital Choriostoma. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2022. link 39 Minerbi A, Shen S. Gut Microbiome in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology 2022. link 40 Cassim B, Tipping B. Healthcare for older people in Africa. Age and ageing 2022. link 41 Rodriguez V, Rivera V, Goldhirsch S, Ramaswamy R. Using Medicare Annual Wellness Visits and telehealth to enhance ambulatory geriatrics education among medical students. Gerontology & geriatrics education 2022. link 42 De Luca L, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Meessen J, Mattei L, D'Urbano M et al.. Impact of serum uric acid levels on cardiovascular events and quality of life in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: Insights from a contemporary, prospective, nationwide registry. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2022. link 43 Boettcher M, Mikus G, Trenk D, Düngen HD, Donath F, Werner N et al.. Vericiguat in combination with isosorbide mononitrate in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: The randomized, phase Ib, VISOR study. Clinical and translational science 2022. link 44 Narayan P, Bryan AJ. "Turn downs" in aortic emergencies: Reassurance or uncertainty?. Journal of cardiac surgery 2021. link 45 Ferrari R, Pavasini R, Censi S, Squeri A, Rosano G. The New ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes: the Good and the Not So Good. Current problems in cardiology 2021. link 46 Hully M, Lo Barco T, Kaminska A, Barcia G, Cances C, Mignot C et al.. Deep phenotyping unstructured data mining in an extensive pediatric database to unravel a common KCNA2 variant in neurodevelopmental syndromes. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2021. link 47 Shadyab AH, Castillo EM, Chan TC, Tolia VM. Developing and Implementing a Geriatric Emergency Department (GED): Overview and Characteristics of GED Visits. The Journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 48 Mehta RS, Kochar BD, Kennelty K, Ernst ME, Chan AT. Emerging approaches to polypharmacy among older adults. Nature aging 2021. link 49 Maher D, Ailabouni N, Mangoni AA, Wiese MD, Reeve E. Alterations in drug disposition in older adults: a focus on geriatric syndromes. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology 2021. link 50 Gemikonakli G, Mach J, Hilmer SN. Interactions Between the Aging Gut Microbiome and Common Geriatric Giants: Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Dementia. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2021. link 51 Herrero Babiloni A, Beetz G, Bruneau A, Martel MO, Cistulli PA, Nixdorf DR et al.. Multitargeting the sleep-pain interaction with pharmacological approaches: A narrative review with suggestions on new avenues of investigation. Sleep medicine reviews 2021. link 52 Farhat A, Panchaud A, Al-Hajje A, Lang PO, Csajka C. Ability to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients: comparative analysis between PIM-Check and STOPP/STARTv2. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2021. link 53 Le Cann K, Meents JE, Sudha Bhagavath Eswaran V, Dohrn MF, Bott R, Maier A et al.. Assessing the impact of pain-linked Nav1.7 variants: An example of two variants with no biophysical effect. Channels (Austin, Tex.) 2021. link 54 Tanasijevic AM, Revette A, Klepin HD, Zeidan A, Townsley D, DiNardo CD et al.. Consensus minimum hemoglobin level above which patients with myelodysplastic syndromes can safely forgo transfusions. Leukemia & lymphoma 2020. link 55 Schuster S, Singler K, Lim S, Machner M, Döbler K, Dormann H. Quality indicators for a geriatric emergency care (GeriQ-ED) - an evidence-based delphi consensus approach to improve the care of geriatric patients in the emergency department. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine 2020. link 56 Owens WD, Abram SE. 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    Original source

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