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Emergency Medicine203 papers

Appendicitis

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency, characterized by inflammation of the vermiform appendix, often necessitating surgical intervention 1.

Diagnosis

Clinical Criteria: Classic symptoms include periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fever 4.

Physical Examination: Right lower quadrant tenderness, especially McBurney's point, is crucial 4.

Imaging:

- CT Scan: Highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing appendicitis 10 36. - Ultrasound: Useful, particularly in pediatric patients, with high specificity when performed by experienced operators 15 41.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein levels support the diagnosis 76.

Management

Surgical Intervention:

- Appendectomy: Preferred treatment, typically laparoscopic, with open surgery reserved for complicated cases 8 12 50. - Timing: Avoid nighttime emergency appendectomies if possible; daytime surgery is associated with better outcomes 28.

Antibiotics:

- Preoperative: Considered in certain contexts but not universally recommended 2. - Postoperative: Used in cases of perforated appendicitis, though oral antibiotics are not recommended for perforated appendicitis 33.

Nonoperative Management:

- Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Antibiotics may be considered in select cases, but appendectomy remains the standard 11 39.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Laparoscopy is preferred when feasible to minimize risks to the fetus 9.

Pediatrics:

- Imaging: MRI and ultrasound are preferred over CT due to radiation concerns 10 38. - Nonoperative Management: Increasingly considered for uncomplicated cases, though appendectomy remains common 11 21.

Elderly: Consider comorbidities and surgical risk; nonoperative management may be explored in low-risk cases 5.

Comorbidities: Evaluate surgical risk carefully; tailor management based on patient-specific factors 5.

Key Recommendations

Perform appendectomy as the primary treatment for acute appendicitis, preferably laparoscopically 8 12 50 (Evidence: Strong).

Use CT scans for definitive diagnosis in adults due to high sensitivity and specificity 10 36 (Evidence: Strong).

Consider ultrasound for pediatric patients, especially when performed by experienced operators 15 41 (Evidence: Moderate).

Avoid routine preoperative group and save for adult appendectomies due to limited evidence supporting its necessity 5 (Evidence: Moderate).

Opt for daytime appendectomy when possible to optimize outcomes 28 (Evidence: Moderate).

Reserve nonoperative management (e.g., antibiotics) for uncomplicated appendicitis in select low-risk pediatric patients 11 39 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 127 indexed papers.

1 Podda M, Ceresoli M, De Simone B, Fugazzola P, Pata F, Balla A et al.. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis: 2025 Edition of the World Society of Emergency Surgery Jerusalem Guidelines. JAMA surgery 2026. link 2 Jalava K, Sallinen V, Lampela H, Malmi H, Steinholt I, Augestad KM et al.. Role of Preoperative Antibiotic Treatment While Awaiting Appendectomy: The PERFECT-Antibiotics Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA surgery 2025. link 3 de Costa A, Reismann M, Carvalho N. The Human Appendix and Antibiotics: Choice and Beneficence. ANZ journal of surgery 2025. link 4 Long B, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Acute appendicitis in the adult patient. The American journal of emergency medicine 2025. link 5 Robertson I, Sundarraj JK, Khan KS. Routine preoperative blood group and save is unnecessary for adult emergency appendicectomies: A retrospective multicentre study. Scottish medical journal 2025. link 6 Akbarpoor F, Mokhtar J, Bashiri E, Mathew A, Zarnegar L, Alabdullah M et al.. Perforated neonatal appendicitis: an uncommon surgical emergency. BMJ case reports 2025. link 7 Flanagan RJ, Handley SA, James C, Wells L, Every-Palmer S. Clozapine-Related Appendicitis: UK Pharmacovigilance Data, 1992-2022. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 2025. link 8 Kumar SS, Collings AT, Lamm R, Haskins IN, Scholz S, Nepal P et al.. SAGES guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. Surgical endoscopy 2024. link 9 Kumar SS, Collings AT, Wunker C, Athanasiadis DI, DeLong CG, Hong JS et al.. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical endoscopy 2024. link 10 Bonomo RA, Tamma PD, Abrahamian FM, Bessesen M, Chow AW, Dellinger EP et al.. 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Appendicitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024. link 11 Takeda K, Yamada T, Uehara K, Matsuda A, Shinji S, Yokoyama Y et al.. The benefits of interval appendectomy and risk factors for nonoperative management failure in the therapeutic strategy for complicated appendicitis. Surgery today 2024. link 12 Arang H, El Boghdady M. Robotic Appendicectomy: A review of feasibility. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal 2023. link 13 Kazmi MH, Talal H. Antibiotics <em>versus </em>Surgery for Appendicitis in Pakistan: Has the Former Been the Answer All Along?. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2023. link 14 Scott JW, Neiman PU, Scott KW, Ibrahim AM, Fan Z, Fendrick AM et al.. High Deductibles are Associated With Severe Disease, Catastrophic Out-of-Pocket Payments for Emergency Surgical Conditions. Annals of surgery 2023. link 15 Gadepalli SK, Leraas HJ, Flynn-O'Brien KT, Van Arendonk KJ, Hall M, Tracy ET et al.. Changing Landscape of Routine Pediatric Surgery for Rural and Urban Children: A Report From the Child Health Evaluation of Surgical Services (CHESS) Group. Annals of surgery 2023. link 16 Penny Z, Elwahab SA, O'Connor B, Sweeney B. Appendicitis-related acute referrals to Children's Health Ireland from Non-Specialist Paediatric Surgical Centres. Irish journal of medical science 2023. link 17 Kyotani Y, Zhao J, Nakahira K, Yoshizumi M. Analysis of Appendicitis Cases in the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 2023. link 18 Stull MC, Servey JT, Hale DF. A practical guide to appendicitis evaluation and treatment. The Journal of family practice 2022. link 19 Solomon L, Emma M, Gibbons LM, Kusulas MP. Current risk landscape of point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric emergency medicine in medical malpractice litigation. The American journal of emergency medicine 2022. link 20 Arakawa S, Kato H, Asano Y, Horiguchi A, Yamamoto M, Miura F et al.. Emergency appendectomy versus elective appendectomy following conservative treatment for acute appendicitis: a multicenter retrospective clinical study by the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine. Surgery today 2022. link 21 Ingram MC, Harris CJ, Studer A, Martin S, Berman L, Alder A et al.. Distilling the Key Elements of Pediatric Appendicitis Clinical Practice Guidelines. The Journal of surgical research 2021. link 22 Zvizdic Z, Golos AD, Milisic E, Jonuzi A, Zvizdic D, Glamoclija U et al.. The predictors of perforated appendicitis in the pediatric emergency department: A retrospective observational cohort study. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 23 Gaitero Tristán J, Souto Romero H, Escalada Pellitero S, Espiñera CR, Andina Martín D, Espinosa Góngora R et al.. Acute Appendicitis in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Neither Delayed Diagnosis Nor Worse Outcomes. Pediatric emergency care 2021. link 24 Alyacoubi S, Taj T, Raza I. Routine group and save screening prior to emergency laparoscopic surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2021. link 25 Samuk I, Dlugy E, Seguier-Lipszyc E, Rootman MS, Nica A, Kravarusic D. Not only appendicitis: rare appendix disorders manifesting as surgical emergencies in children. European journal of pediatrics 2021. link 26 Mikami T, Sueyoshi R, Kosaka S, Yoshida S, Miyano G, Ochi T et al.. Perforation in pediatric non-complicated appendicitis treated by antibiotics: the real incidence. Pediatric surgery international 2020. link 27 Kumaira Fonseca M, Trindade EN, Costa Filho OP, Nácul MP, Seabra AP. Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Emergency Presentation of Acute Appendicitis. The American surgeon 2020. link 28 Ohba G, Komori K, Hirobe S. The necessity of nighttime appendectomies: Is appendicitis an emergency?. African journal of paediatric surgery : AJPS 2020. link 29 Park JJ, Kim KA, Nam Y, Choi MH, Choi SY, Rhie J. Convolutional-neural-network-based diagnosis of appendicitis via CT scans in patients with acute abdominal pain presenting in the emergency department. Scientific reports 2020. link 30 Tukanova K, Markar SR, Jamel S, Vidal-Diez A, Hanna GB. An international comparison of the utilisation of and outcomes from minimal access surgery for the treatment of common abdominal surgical emergencies. Surgical endoscopy 2020. link 31 Canal C, Lempert M, Birrer DL, Neuhaus V, Turina M. Short-term outcome after appendectomy is related to preoperative delay but not to the time of day of the procedure: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 9224 patients. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2020. link 32 Schietroma M, Romano L, Pessia B, Mattei A, Fiasca F, Carlei F et al.. TNM: a simple classification system for complicated intra-abdominal sepsis after acute appendicitis. Minerva chirurgica 2020. link 33 Chavez LJ, Cooper JN, Deans KJ, Wrona S, Zaim H, Sebastião Y et al.. Evaluation of racial disparities in postoperative opioid prescription filling after common pediatric surgical procedures. Journal of pediatric surgery 2020. link 34 Kujath C, Kollmar O, Ghadimi BM. [Is acute appendicitis a surgical emergency?]. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen 2019. link 35 Shahbazipar M, Seyedhosseini J, Vahidi E, Motahar Vahedi HS, Jahanshir A. Accuracy of ultrasound exam performed by emergency medicine versus radiology residents in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2019. link 36 Harringa JB, Bracken RL, Davis JC, Mao L, Kitchin DR, Robbins JB et al.. Prospective evaluation of MRI compared with CT for the etiology of abdominal pain in emergency department patients with concern for appendicitis. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2019. link 37 Rosenbloom JM, Burns SM, Kim E, August DA, Ortiz VE, Houle TT. Race/Ethnicity and Sex and Opioid Administration in the Emergency Room. Anesthesia and analgesia 2019. link 38 Covelli JD, Madireddi SP, May LA, Costello JE, Lisanti CJ, Carlson CL. MRI for Pediatric Appendicitis in an Adult-Focused General Hospital: A Clinical Effectiveness Study-Challenges and Lessons Learned. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2019. link 39 Westfall KM, Charles AG. Risk of Perforation in the Era of Nonemergent Management for Acute Appendicitis. The American surgeon 2019. link 40 Mears AL, Bisharat M, Murphy F, Sinha CK. Readmission within 30 days of discharge (ReAd): a quality-of-care indicator in paediatric surgery. Pediatric surgery international 2019. link 41 Riedesel EL, Weber BC, Shore MW, Cartmill RS, Ostlie DJ, Leys CM et al.. Diagnostic performance of standardized ultrasound protocol for detecting perforation in pediatric appendicitis. Pediatric radiology 2019. link 42 Bagguley D, Fordyce A, Guterres J, Soares A, Valadares E, Guest GD et al.. Access delays to essential surgical care using the Three Delays Framework and Bellwether procedures at Timor Leste's national referral hospital. BMJ open 2019. link 43 Akturk OM, Yıldırım D, Çakır M, Vardar YM. Elevated serum bilirubin levels may predict perforation of the appendix. Annali italiani di chirurgia 2019. link 44 Herreros de Tejada A, Santiago García J. Comment to the letter "Acute appendicitis after a colonic endoscopic submucosal resection". Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2018. link 45 Corson-Knowles D, Russell FM. Clinical Ultrasound Is Safe and Highly Specific for Acute Appendicitis in Moderate to High Pre-test Probability Patients. The western journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 46 Shommu NS, Jenne CN, Blackwood J, Martin DA, Joffe AR, Eccles R et al.. The Use of Metabolomics and Inflammatory Mediator Profiling Provides a Novel Approach to Identifying Pediatric Appendicitis in the Emergency Department. Scientific reports 2018. link 47 de Burlet KJ, Crane G, Cullinane R, Larsen PD, Dennett ER. Review of appendicectomies over a decade in a tertiary hospital in New Zealand. ANZ journal of surgery 2018. link 48 Li Z, Zhao L, Cheng Y, Cheng N, Deng Y. Abdominal drainage to prevent intra-peritoneal abscess after open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2018. link 49 Tlacuilo-Parra A, López-Valenzuela SP, Ambriz-González G, Guevara-Gutiérrez E. [Seguridad y eficacia del modelo de atención fast-track vs. atención convencional en apendicitis no complicada del paciente pediátrico]. Cirugia y cirujanos 2018. link 50 . Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Surgical endoscopy 2018. link 51 . You're the Flight Surgeon. Aerospace medicine and human performance 2017. link 52 Choksuwattanasakul M. Incidental appendectomy during mini incision post-partum sterilization (Chokchai technique): A prospective cross-sectional study. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2017. link 53 Forsyth J, Lasithiotakis K, Peter M. The evolving management of the appendix mass in the era of laparoscopy and interventional radiology. The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland 2017. link 54 Craig S, Dalton S. Diagnosing appendicitis: What works, what does not and where to go from here?. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2016. link 55 Coward S, Kareemi H, Clement F, Zimmer S, Dixon E, Ball CG et al.. Incidence of Appendicitis over Time: A Comparative Analysis of an Administrative Healthcare Database and a Pathology-Proven Appendicitis Registry. PloS one 2016. link 56 Coccolini F, D'Amico G, Sartelli M, Catena F, Montori G, Ceresoli M et al.. Antibiotic resistance evaluation and clinical analysis of acute appendicitis; report of 1431 consecutive worldwide patients: A cohort study. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2016. link 57 Farzal Z, Farzal Z, Khan N, Fischer A. The diagnostic dilemma of identifying perforated appendicitis. The Journal of surgical research 2015. link 58 Hua J, Yao L, He ZG, Xu B, Song ZS. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by perforated appendicitis: a case report. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 2015. link 59 Frenn KA, Hendrickson M, Kharbanda AB. Reducing pediatric CT usage through web-based education. Radiology management 2014. link 60 Brogden TG, Streets CG. The management of acute appendicitis. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 2013. link 61 Russell WS, Schuh AM, Hill JG, Hebra A, Cina RA, Smith CD et al.. Clinical practice guidelines for pediatric appendicitis evaluation can decrease computed tomography utilization while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Pediatric emergency care 2013. link 62 Vidrine SR, Cortina C, Black M, Vidrine SB. Simultaneous acute appendicitis and pseudomembranous colitis in a pediatric patient. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society 2012. link 63 Alamili M, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J. Oral antibiotics for perforated appendicitis is not recommended. Danish medical bulletin 2010. link 64 Jo YH, Kim K, Rhee JE, Kim TY, Lee JH, Kang SB et al.. The accuracy of emergency medicine and surgical residents in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The American journal of emergency medicine 2010. link 65 Leeuwenburgh MM, Laméris W, van Randen A, Bossuyt PM, Boermeester MA, Stoker J. Optimizing imaging in suspected appendicitis (OPTIMAP-study): a multicenter diagnostic accuracy study of MRI in patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Study Protocol. BMC emergency medicine 2010. link 66 van Randen A, Laméris W, van Es HW, ten Hove W, Bouma WH, van Leeuwen MS et al.. Profiles of US and CT imaging features with a high probability of appendicitis. European radiology 2010. link 67 Levin C, Koren A, Miron D, Lumelsky D, Nussinson E, Siplovich L et al.. Pylephlebitis due to perforated appendicitis in a teenager. European journal of pediatrics 2009. link 68 Niwa H, Hiramatsu T. A rare presentation of appendiceal diverticulitis associated with pelvic pseudocyst. World journal of gastroenterology 2008. link 69 Fox JC, Solley M, Anderson CL, Zlidenny A, Lahham S, Maasumi K. Prospective evaluation of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound to detect acute appendicitis. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2008. link 70 Kharbanda AB, Fishman SJ, Bachur RG. Comparison of pediatric emergency physicians' and surgeons' evaluation and diagnosis of appendicitis. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2008. link 71 McCann JW, Maroo S, Wales P, Amaral JG, Krishnamurthy G, Parra D et al.. Image-guided drainage of multiple intraabdominal abscesses in children with perforated appendicitis: an alternative to laparotomy. Pediatric radiology 2008. link 72 Khan OA, Morhan A, Jegatheeswaran S, Jackson E, Pelikan A. Routine pathological analysis of appendicectomy specimens--is it justified?. Acta chirurgica Belgica 2007. link 73 Rajendran N, Ameen S, Rohatgi A. Laparoscopic management of a torted appendix. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2006. link 74 Lin CJ, Chen JD, Tiu CM, Chou YH, Chiang JH, Lee CH et al.. Can ruptured appendicitis be detected preoperatively in the ED?. The American journal of emergency medicine 2005. link 75 Sakellaris G, Tilemis S, Charissis G. Acute appendicitis in preschool-age children. European journal of pediatrics 2005. link 76 Cardall T, Glasser J, Guss DA. Clinical value of the total white blood cell count and temperature in the evaluation of patients with suspected appendicitis. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2004. link 77 Noble H, Gallagher P, Campbell WB. Who is doing laparoscopic appendicectomies and who taught them?. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2003. link 78 Denizbasi A, Unluer EE. The role of the emergency medicine resident using the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis compared with the general surgery resident. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2003. link 79 Morris KT, Kavanagh M, Hansen P, Whiteford MH, Deveney K, Standage B. The rational use of computed tomography scans in the diagnosis of appendicitis. American journal of surgery 2002. link00850-4) 80 Dewar C, Siddiqi A, Kayani J. Pseudomyocardial infarction associated with a retrocaecal gangrenous appendix. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2002. link 81 Chang TN, Tang L, Keller K, Harrison MR, Farmer DL, Albanese CT. Pylephlebitis, portal-mesenteric thrombosis, and multiple liver abscesses owing to perforated appendicitis. Journal of pediatric surgery 2001. link 82 Styles C, Anderson JE. Appendiceal rupture during pelvic ultrasound examination. Australasian radiology 2000. link 83 Nance ML, Adamson WT, Hedrick HL. Appendicitis in the young child: a continuing diagnostic challenge. Pediatric emergency care 2000. link 84 Joffe MD, Lavelle J. Appendicitis in childhood. Comprehensive therapy 1999. link 85 Hurley PA, Paterson-Brown S. Senior House Officer training: some myths exposed. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1999. link 86 Eire PF, Vallejo D, Sastre JL, Villaamil R, Rodriquez MA, Garrido M. An unusual complication of appendicitis in childhood. European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 1999. link 87 Almeida OD, Val-Gallas JM, Rizk B. Appendectomy under local anaesthesia following conscious pain mapping with microlaparoscopy. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 1998. link 88 Schmutz GR, Benko A, Billiard JS, Fournier L, Péron JM, Fisch-Ponsot C. Computed tomography of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis following appendectomy. Abdominal imaging 1998. link 89 Graffeo CS, Counselman FL. Appendicitis. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 1996. link70273-x) 90 Heemken R, Hau T. Upper gastrointestinal surgery and the appendix. The European journal of surgery. Supplement. : = Acta chirurgica. Supplement 1996. link 91 Kristensen B, Tingsgaard LK, Ejlertsen T. Self-induced bacteremia. Case report. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 1995. link 92 Puylaert JB. Imaging and intervention in patients with acute right lower quadrant disease. Bailliere's clinical gastroenterology 1995. link90069-1) 93 Shahrudin MD. Scrotal abscess: an unusual complication of perforated appendix. The Medical journal of Malaysia 1994. link 94 Buckley K, Buonomo C. Bilateral ureteral obstruction and renal failure due to a perforated appendix. Pediatric radiology 1994. link 95 Schlicht SM. Abdominal pain. Australian family physician 1993. link 96 Verma GR, Khanna SK, Das A. Pseudoaneurysm of external iliac artery secondary to appendicular abscess. Tropical gastroenterology : official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation 1993. link 97 Rolff M, Jepsen LV, Hoffmann J. The 'absent' appendix. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 1992. link 98 Goh P, Tekant Y, Kum CK, Chow L, Ngoi SS. Technical modification to laparoscopic appendectomy. Diseases of the colon and rectum 1992. link 99 Epstein MD. Complications of acute appendicitis. Ohio medicine : journal of the Ohio State Medical Association 1990. link 100 Sandermann J, Glenthøj A, Nielsen KK. Peroperative mechanical manipulation of the appendix. A cause of periappendicitis?. Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae 1989. link

Original source

[1]
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis: 2025 Edition of the World Society of Emergency Surgery Jerusalem Guidelines. — Podda M, Ceresoli M, De Simone B, Fugazzola P, Pata F, Balla A et al. JAMA surgery (2026)
[2]
Role of Preoperative Antibiotic Treatment While Awaiting Appendectomy: The PERFECT-Antibiotics Randomized Clinical Trial. — Jalava K, Sallinen V, Lampela H, Malmi H, Steinholt I, Augestad KM et al. JAMA surgery (2025)
[3]
The Human Appendix and Antibiotics: Choice and Beneficence. — de Costa A, Reismann M, Carvalho N ANZ journal of surgery (2025)
[4]
Emergency medicine updates: Acute appendicitis in the adult patient. — Long B, Gottlieb M The American journal of emergency medicine (2025)
[5]
Routine preoperative blood group and save is unnecessary for adult emergency appendicectomies: A retrospective multicentre study. — Robertson I, Sundarraj JK, Khan KS Scottish medical journal (2025)
[6]
Perforated neonatal appendicitis: an uncommon surgical emergency. — Akbarpoor F, Mokhtar J, Bashiri E, Mathew A, Zarnegar L, Alabdullah M et al. BMJ case reports (2025)
[7]
Clozapine-Related Appendicitis: UK Pharmacovigilance Data, 1992-2022. — Flanagan RJ, Handley SA, James C, Wells L, Every-Palmer S Journal of clinical psychopharmacology (2025)
[8]
SAGES guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. — Kumar SS, Collings AT, Lamm R, Haskins IN, Scholz S, Nepal P et al. Surgical endoscopy (2024)
[9]
SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. — Kumar SS, Collings AT, Wunker C, Athanasiadis DI, DeLong CG, Hong JS et al. Surgical endoscopy (2024)
[10]
2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Appendicitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People. — Bonomo RA, Tamma PD, Abrahamian FM, Bessesen M, Chow AW, Dellinger EP et al. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2024)
[11]
The benefits of interval appendectomy and risk factors for nonoperative management failure in the therapeutic strategy for complicated appendicitis. — Takeda K, Yamada T, Uehara K, Matsuda A, Shinji S, Yokoyama Y et al. Surgery today (2024)
[12]
Robotic Appendicectomy: A review of feasibility. — Arang H, El Boghdady M Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2023)
[13]
Antibiotics <em>versus </em>Surgery for Appendicitis in Pakistan: Has the Former Been the Answer All Along? — Kazmi MH, Talal H Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2023)
[14]
High Deductibles are Associated With Severe Disease, Catastrophic Out-of-Pocket Payments for Emergency Surgical Conditions. — Scott JW, Neiman PU, Scott KW, Ibrahim AM, Fan Z, Fendrick AM et al. Annals of surgery (2023)
[15]
Changing Landscape of Routine Pediatric Surgery for Rural and Urban Children: A Report From the Child Health Evaluation of Surgical Services (CHESS) Group. — Gadepalli SK, Leraas HJ, Flynn-O'Brien KT, Van Arendonk KJ, Hall M, Tracy ET et al. Annals of surgery (2023)
[16]
Appendicitis-related acute referrals to Children's Health Ireland from Non-Specialist Paediatric Surgical Centres. — Penny Z, Elwahab SA, O'Connor B, Sweeney B Irish journal of medical science (2023)
[17]
Analysis of Appendicitis Cases in the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. — Kyotani Y, Zhao J, Nakahira K, Yoshizumi M Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin (2023)
[18]
A practical guide to appendicitis evaluation and treatment. — Stull MC, Servey JT, Hale DF The Journal of family practice (2022)
[19]
Current risk landscape of point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric emergency medicine in medical malpractice litigation. — Solomon L, Emma M, Gibbons LM, Kusulas MP The American journal of emergency medicine (2022)
[20]
Emergency appendectomy versus elective appendectomy following conservative treatment for acute appendicitis: a multicenter retrospective clinical study by the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine. — Arakawa S, Kato H, Asano Y, Horiguchi A, Yamamoto M, Miura F et al. Surgery today (2022)
[21]
Distilling the Key Elements of Pediatric Appendicitis Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Ingram MC, Harris CJ, Studer A, Martin S, Berman L, Alder A et al. The Journal of surgical research (2021)
[22]
The predictors of perforated appendicitis in the pediatric emergency department: A retrospective observational cohort study. — Zvizdic Z, Golos AD, Milisic E, Jonuzi A, Zvizdic D, Glamoclija U et al. The American journal of emergency medicine (2021)
[23]
Acute Appendicitis in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Neither Delayed Diagnosis Nor Worse Outcomes. — Gaitero Tristán J, Souto Romero H, Escalada Pellitero S, Espiñera CR, Andina Martín D, Espinosa Góngora R et al. Pediatric emergency care (2021)
[24]
Routine group and save screening prior to emergency laparoscopic surgery. — Alyacoubi S, Taj T, Raza I Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2021)
[25]
Not only appendicitis: rare appendix disorders manifesting as surgical emergencies in children. — Samuk I, Dlugy E, Seguier-Lipszyc E, Rootman MS, Nica A, Kravarusic D European journal of pediatrics (2021)
[26]
Perforation in pediatric non-complicated appendicitis treated by antibiotics: the real incidence. — Mikami T, Sueyoshi R, Kosaka S, Yoshida S, Miyano G, Ochi T et al. Pediatric surgery international (2020)
[27]
Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Emergency Presentation of Acute Appendicitis. — Kumaira Fonseca M, Trindade EN, Costa Filho OP, Nácul MP, Seabra AP The American surgeon (2020)
[28]
The necessity of nighttime appendectomies: Is appendicitis an emergency? — Ohba G, Komori K, Hirobe S African journal of paediatric surgery : AJPS (2020)
[29]
Convolutional-neural-network-based diagnosis of appendicitis via CT scans in patients with acute abdominal pain presenting in the emergency department. — Park JJ, Kim KA, Nam Y, Choi MH, Choi SY, Rhie J Scientific reports (2020)
[30]
An international comparison of the utilisation of and outcomes from minimal access surgery for the treatment of common abdominal surgical emergencies. — Tukanova K, Markar SR, Jamel S, Vidal-Diez A, Hanna GB Surgical endoscopy (2020)
[31]
Short-term outcome after appendectomy is related to preoperative delay but not to the time of day of the procedure: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 9224 patients. — Canal C, Lempert M, Birrer DL, Neuhaus V, Turina M International journal of surgery (London, England) (2020)
[32]
TNM: a simple classification system for complicated intra-abdominal sepsis after acute appendicitis. — Schietroma M, Romano L, Pessia B, Mattei A, Fiasca F, Carlei F et al. Minerva chirurgica (2020)
[33]
Evaluation of racial disparities in postoperative opioid prescription filling after common pediatric surgical procedures. — Chavez LJ, Cooper JN, Deans KJ, Wrona S, Zaim H, Sebastião Y et al. Journal of pediatric surgery (2020)
[34]
[Is acute appendicitis a surgical emergency?]. — Kujath C, Kollmar O, Ghadimi BM Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen (2019)
[35]
Accuracy of ultrasound exam performed by emergency medicine versus radiology residents in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. — Shahbazipar M, Seyedhosseini J, Vahidi E, Motahar Vahedi HS, Jahanshir A European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine (2019)
[36]
Prospective evaluation of MRI compared with CT for the etiology of abdominal pain in emergency department patients with concern for appendicitis. — Harringa JB, Bracken RL, Davis JC, Mao L, Kitchin DR, Robbins JB et al. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2019)
[37]
Race/Ethnicity and Sex and Opioid Administration in the Emergency Room. — Rosenbloom JM, Burns SM, Kim E, August DA, Ortiz VE, Houle TT Anesthesia and analgesia (2019)
[38]
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Clinical practice guidelines for pediatric appendicitis evaluation can decrease computed tomography utilization while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. — Russell WS, Schuh AM, Hill JG, Hebra A, Cina RA, Smith CD et al. Pediatric emergency care (2013)
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Oral antibiotics for perforated appendicitis is not recommended. — Alamili M, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J Danish medical bulletin (2010)
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Optimizing imaging in suspected appendicitis (OPTIMAP-study): a multicenter diagnostic accuracy study of MRI in patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Study Protocol. — Leeuwenburgh MM, Laméris W, van Randen A, Bossuyt PM, Boermeester MA, Stoker J BMC emergency medicine (2010)
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Pylephlebitis due to perforated appendicitis in a teenager. — Levin C, Koren A, Miron D, Lumelsky D, Nussinson E, Siplovich L et al. European journal of pediatrics (2009)
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A rare presentation of appendiceal diverticulitis associated with pelvic pseudocyst. — Niwa H, Hiramatsu T World journal of gastroenterology (2008)
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Prospective evaluation of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound to detect acute appendicitis. — Fox JC, Solley M, Anderson CL, Zlidenny A, Lahham S, Maasumi K European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine (2008)
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Comparison of pediatric emergency physicians' and surgeons' evaluation and diagnosis of appendicitis. — Kharbanda AB, Fishman SJ, Bachur RG Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2008)
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Image-guided drainage of multiple intraabdominal abscesses in children with perforated appendicitis: an alternative to laparotomy. — McCann JW, Maroo S, Wales P, Amaral JG, Krishnamurthy G, Parra D et al. Pediatric radiology (2008)
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The rational use of computed tomography scans in the diagnosis of appendicitis. — Morris KT, Kavanagh M, Hansen P, Whiteford MH, Deveney K, Standage B American journal of surgery (2002)
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Pseudomyocardial infarction associated with a retrocaecal gangrenous appendix. — Dewar C, Siddiqi A, Kayani J Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2002)
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Pylephlebitis, portal-mesenteric thrombosis, and multiple liver abscesses owing to perforated appendicitis. — Chang TN, Tang L, Keller K, Harrison MR, Farmer DL, Albanese CT Journal of pediatric surgery (2001)
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Appendectomy under local anaesthesia following conscious pain mapping with microlaparoscopy. — Almeida OD, Val-Gallas JM, Rizk B Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (1998)
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Bilateral ureteral obstruction and renal failure due to a perforated appendix. — Buckley K, Buonomo C Pediatric radiology (1994)
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Abdominal pain. — Schlicht SM Australian family physician (1993)
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Pseudoaneurysm of external iliac artery secondary to appendicular abscess. — Verma GR, Khanna SK, Das A Tropical gastroenterology : official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation (1993)
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