Tachycardia-bradycardia

Overview

Diagnosis

Management

Special Populations

Key Recommendations

References

Showing 100 most recent of 290 indexed papers.

1 Tan K, Ng S, Foo D, Tan LW, Teoh X, Chia PL. Physiological pacing: just a lot of buzz or the next paradigm shift in bradycardia pacing?. Singapore medical journal 2026. link 2 Tachibana M, Banba K, Takeuchi M, Shigematsu T, Take Y, Hirohata A et al.. Comparative analysis of ultrasound-guided versus fluoroscopy-guided venous puncture techniques for pacemaker implantation. Heart and vessels 2026. link 3 Smida T, Kimbrell JM, Kreinbrook JA, Gan GH, Odom W, Bouthillet T et al.. The prevalence of sustained electrical capture during prehospital transcutaneous pacing: a multicenter observational study. Resuscitation 2026. link 4 Santoro A, Ziacchi M, Calvanese R, Rapacciuolo A, Volpicelli M, Poggio L et al.. Implantation Success, Electrical Performance, and Safety of an Active Fixation Stylet-Driven Lead for LBBAP in Clinical Practice: A Multicenter Experience. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 5 Meng X, Huang S, He L, Liu T, Chen Y, Li H et al.. Catheter Ablation for Frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions or Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia With Vagal Bradycardia: A New Clinical Application of Superior Vena Cava-Aorta Ganglionated Plexus Modification. Clinical cardiology 2026. link 6 Cejin MC, Koyfman A, Long B. Pearls and Pitfalls: Severe Bradycardia. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 7 Arai S, Ishikawa T, Ueno R, Kai Y, Miyazaki H, Chino S et al.. Tether Entrapment and Fracture Preventing Release and Redocking of a Helix-Fixation Atrial Leadless Pacemaker: Successful Resolution With a Protective Sleeve-Assisted Bailout Maneuver. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 8 Park J, Lee J, Sohn JH, Kim JI, Hyun C. Bradycardia-induced transient myocardial dysfunction in 3 dogs. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 2026. link 9 Cai M, Qiu Y, Xu Y, Lu H, Chen Z, Hou X et al.. Distance From Pacing Lead Tip to Left Ventricular Cavity Predicts Long-term Loss of Left Bundle Branch Capture: Insights From the IMAGE-LBBP Cohort. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2026. link 10 D'Ambrosio P, De Paepe J, Spencer LW, Ohanian M, Janssens K, Mitchell AM et al.. Bradycardia in Athletes: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Risks. Circulation 2026. link 11 Menon R. The Heartbeat that Hesitates: Quick H.I.T.s for Emergency Bradycardia. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2026. link 12 Grandys M, Woźniak M, Żołądź JA. The slowing pulse: a history of research on training-induced resting bradycardia. Folia medica Cracoviensia 2025. link 13 Choubdar PA, Gruber M, Pachon-M JC, Manu S, Razminia M, Clark J. Fluoroscopy-free cardioneuroablation for functional bradycardia: a single-center experience. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2025. link 14 Butensky AM, Patten WF, Silver ES, Liberman L. Oral Albuterol Treatment in Three Pediatric Patients with Bradycardia: A Novel Therapy. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 15 Long B, Bridwell RE, DeVivo A, Gottlieb M. Transvenous Pacemaker Placement: A Review for Emergency Clinicians. The Journal of emergency medicine 2024. link 16 Sultan A, Scheurlen C, Wörmann J, van den Bruck JH, Filipovic K, Erlhöfer S et al.. First long-term outcome data for the MicraVR™ transcatheter pacing system: data from the largest prospective German cohort. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2024. link 17 Vijayaraman P, Foo D, Lim TSE, Diamantakos E, Verma S, Hourdain J et al.. Result of the left bundle branch area pacing data collection registry, an international multicenter study of conduction system pacing with a Tendril STS 2088 stylet-driven lead. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2024. link 18 Tan ESJ, Soh R, Lee JY, Boey E, Chan SP, Lim TW et al.. Prognostic benefits of His-Purkinje capture in physiological pacemakers for bradycardia. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2024. link 19 Acosta H, Acosta N, Viafara G, de Las Salas A, Pothula SR, Acosta NM et al.. A novel and practical technique to facilitate lead insertion at the His bundle region. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2023. link 20 Wang P, Yang L, Zheng S, Mai J, Wei Y, Liu Y et al.. Left bundle branch pacing on mechanical synchrony and myocardial work in bradycardia patients. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 21 Tan ESJ, Soh R, Lee JY, Boey E, Ho KH, Aguirre S et al.. Clinical Outcomes in Conduction System Pacing Compared to Right Ventricular Pacing in Bradycardia. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2023. link 22 Arnold M, Richards M, D'Onofrio A, Faulknier B, Gulizia M, Thakur R et al.. Avoiding unnecessary ventricular pacing is associated with reduced incidence of heart failure hospitalizations and persistent atrial fibrillation in pacemaker patients. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2023. link 23 Archontakis S, Sideris K, Laina A, Arsenos P, Paraskevopoulou D, Tyrovola D et al.. His bundle pacing: A promising alternative strategy for anti-bradycardic pacing - report of a single-center experience. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2022. link 24 Griffiths C, Ioannou A, Dickinson B, Metaxa S, Amin FR, Mandal AKJ et al.. Drug-related bradycardia precipitating hospital admission in older adults: an ongoing problem. European journal of hospital pharmacy : science and practice 2022. link 25 Marini M, Zilio F, Martin M, Strazzanti M, Quintarelli S, Guarracini F et al.. COVID-19 pandemic and elderly: is the curtain dropped for urgent pacemaker implantations?. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2022. link 26 Magnano M, Bissolino A, Budano C, Abdirashid M, Devecchi C, Oriente D et al.. Catheter ablation for treatment of bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome: is it time to consider it the therapy of choice? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2022. link 27 Matsuda Y, Masuda M, Asai M, Iida O, Okamoto S, Ishihara T et al.. Comparison of prognosis and safety of pacemaker implantation in patients aged less than or 85 years and older. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 28 Kajiyama T, Kondo Y, Nakano M, Miyazawa K, Nakano M, Hayashi T et al.. Peak deflection index as a predictor of a free-wall implantation of contemporary leadless pacemakers. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 29 Tisotti T, Valverde A, Hopkins A, O'Sullivan ML, Hanna B, Arroyo L. Use of intravenous lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in sedated and anesthetized dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia 2021. link 30 Qian Z, Wang Y, Hou X, Qiu Y, Jiang Z, Wu H et al.. A pilot study to determine if left ventricular activation time is a useful parameter for left bundle branch capture: Validated by ventricular mechanical synchrony with SPECT imaging. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2021. link 31 Rains J, Kesterson J. Ocular timolol as the causative agent for symptomatic bradycardia in an 89-year-old female. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 32 Diemberger I, Massaro G, Rossillo A, Chieffo E, Dugo D, Guarracini F et al.. Temporary transvenous cardiac pacing: a survey on current practice. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2020. link 33 Rwebembera J, Jeilan M, Ajijola OA, Talle M, Sani MU, Karaye KM et al.. Cardiac Pacing Training in Africa: Endorsed by the Africa Heart Rhythm Association (AFHRA): JACC International. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020. link 34 Sidhu S, Marine JE. Evaluating and managing bradycardia. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2020. link 35 El Amrani A, Campos B, Alonso-Martín C, Guerra-Ramos JM, Rodríguez-Font E, Moreno-Weidmann Z et al.. Performance of the Micra cardiac pacemaker in nonagenarians. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2020. link 36 Lerner RP, Haaland A, Lin J. Temporary transvenous pacer placement under transesophageal echocardiogram guidance in the Emergency Department. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 37 Curila K, Prochazkova R, Jurak P, Jastrzebski M, Halamek J, Moskal P et al.. Both selective and nonselective His bundle, but not myocardial, pacing preserve ventricular electrical synchrony assessed by ultra-high-frequency ECG. Heart rhythm 2020. link 38 Grabowski M, Michalak M, Gawałko M, Gajda S, Cacko A, Januszkiewicz Ł et al.. Implantation of the Micra transcatheter pacing system: Single Polish center experience with the real costs of hospitalization analysis. Cardiology journal 2020. link 39 Young TP, Tango JM, Toomasian CJ, Kendric KJ, Bengiamin DI. An Inexpensive Conceptual Training Model for Transvenous Pacemaker Placement. The western journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 40 Slotwiner DJ, Raitt MH, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Mulpuru SK, Nasser N, Peterson PN. Impact of Physiologic Pacing Versus Right Ventricular Pacing Among Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Greater Than 35%: A Systematic Review for the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2019. link 41 Hai JJ, Fang J, Tam CC, Wong CK, Un KC, Siu CW et al.. Safety and feasibility of a midseptal implantation technique of a leadless pacemaker. Heart rhythm 2019. link 42 Kiani S, Black GB, Rao B, Thakkar N, Massad C, Patel AV et al.. Outcomes of Micra leadless pacemaker implantation with uninterrupted anticoagulation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2019. link 43 Crevelari ES, Silva KRD, Albertini CMM, Vieira MLC, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R. Efficacy, Safety, and Performance of Isolated Left vs. Right Ventricular Pacing in Patients with Bradyarrhythmias: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2019. link 44 Tjong FVY, Beurskens NEG, Neuzil P, Defaye P, Delnoy PP, Ip J et al.. The learning curve associated with the implantation of the Nanostim leadless pacemaker. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2018. link 45 Cingolani E, Goldhaber JI, Marbán E. Next-generation pacemakers: from small devices to biological pacemakers. Nature reviews. Cardiology 2018. link 46 Garweg C, Ector J, Voros G, Greyling A, Vandenberk B, Foulon S et al.. Monocentric experience of leadless pacing with focus on challenging cases for conventional pacemaker. Acta cardiologica 2018. link 47 García-Izquierdo E, Parra C, Toquero J. Dizziness in a patient with a permanent VVI pacemaker. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 48 Aksu T, Guler TE, Yalin K, Mutluer FO, Ozcan KS, Calò L. Catheter Ablation of Bradyarrhythmia: From the Beginning to the Future. The American journal of the medical sciences 2018. link 49 Sakazaki S, Masutani S, Iwamoto Y, Asano Y, Miyamoto A, Ishido H et al.. A 1-year-old boy with long pauses caused by paroxysmal atrioventricular block and sinus arrest: Vagal reflex and effect of pacing. Journal of electrocardiology 2017. link 50 Heinroth KM, Unverzagt S, Mahnkopf D, Frantz S, Prondzinsky R. The double guidewire approach for transcoronary pacing in a porcine model. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2017. link 51 Lloyd M, Reynolds D, Sheldon T, Stromberg K, Hudnall JH, Demmer WM et al.. Rate adaptive pacing in an intracardiac pacemaker. Heart rhythm 2017. link 52 Da Costa A, Axiotis A, Romeyer-Bouchard C, Abdellaoui L, Afif Z, Guichard JB et al.. Transcatheter leadless cardiac pacing: The new alternative solution. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 53 Yamaguchi T, Miyamoto T, Iwai T, Yamaguchi J, Hijikata S, Miyazaki R et al.. Prognosis of super-elderly healthy Japanese patients after pacemaker implantation for bradycardia. Journal of cardiology 2017. link 54 Martínez-Sande JL, García-Seara J, Rodríguez-Mañero M, Fernández-López XA, González-Melchor L, Redondo-Diéguez A et al.. The Micra Leadless Transcatheter Pacemaker. Implantation and Mid-term Follow-up Results in a Single Center. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2017. link 55 Kiehl EL, Cantillon DJ. Leadless cardiac pacing: What primary care providers and non-EP cardiologists should know. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2016. link 56 Montazeri Ghahjaverestan N, Masoudi S, Shamsollahi MB, Beuchee A, Pladys P, Ge D et al.. Coupled Hidden Markov Model-Based Method for Apnea Bradycardia Detection. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 2016. link 57 Cao X, Cui Y, White PF, Tang J, Ma H. Central anticholinergic syndrome vs. idiosyncratic reaction triggered by a small IV dose of atropine. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2016. link 58 Cortes J, Hall B, Redden D. Profound symptomatic bradycardia requiring transvenous pacing after a single dose of tizanidine. The Journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 59 Edwards SJ, Karner C, Trevor N, Wakefield V, Salih F. Dual-chamber pacemakers for treating symptomatic bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome without atrioventricular block: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 2015. link 60 Palmisano P, Accogli M, Zaccaria M, Vergari A, De Masi Gde L, Negro L et al.. Relationship between seasonal weather changes, risk of dehydration, and incidence of severe bradyarrhythmias requiring urgent temporary transvenous cardiac pacing in an elderly population. International journal of biometeorology 2014. link 61 Pliquett RU, Radler D, Tamm A, Greinert D, Greinert R, Girndt M. Oliguric acute kidney injury as a main symptom of bradycardia and arteriosclerosis resolved by pacemaker implantation: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2014. link 62 Udo EO, van Hemel NM, Zuithoff NP, Dijk WA, Hooijschuur CA, Doevendans PA et al.. Pacemaker follow-up: are the latest guidelines in line with modern pacemaker practice?. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2013. link 63 Gil-Jaurena JM, Castillo R, Sarria E. Azygos approach for pacemaker placement in an infant. Pediatric cardiology 2013. link 64 MacKenzie R. Bradycardia in a former professional athlete. Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.) 2012. link 65 Nagamoto Y, Inage T, Yoshida T, Takeuchi T, Gondo T, Fukuda Y et al.. Atrioventricular nodal ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs after permanent pacemaker implantation for bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Heart and vessels 2012. link 66 Udo EO, van Hemel NM, Zuithoff NP, Kelder JC, Crommentuijn HA, Koopman-Verhagen AM et al.. Long-term outcome of cardiac pacing in octogenarians and nonagenarians. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 67 Xie JM, Fang F, Zhang Q, Chan JY, Yip GW, Sanderson JE et al.. Atrial dysfunction and interatrial dyssynchrony predict atrial high rate episodes: insight into the distinct effects of right atrial appendage pacing. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2012. link 68 Monteleone PP, Alibertis K, Brady WJ. Emergent precordial percussion revisited--pacing the heart in asystole. The American journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 69 Pimenta EL, Teixeira Neto FJ, Sá PA, Pignaton W, Garofalo NA. Comparative study between atropine and hyoscine-N-butylbromide for reversal of detomidine induced bradycardia in horses. Equine veterinary journal 2011. link 70 Wollmann CG, Thudt K, Vock P, Globits S, Mayr H. Clinical routine implantation of a dual chamber pacemaker system designed for safe use with MRI: a single center, retrospective study on lead performance of Medtronic lead 5086MRI in comparison to Medtronic leads 4592-53 and 4092-58. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 2011. link 71 Jackson A. An overview of permanent cardiac pacing. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2010. link 72 Jevon P. How to ensure patient observations lead to effective management of bradycardia. Nursing times 2010. link 73 Inoue K, Okayama H, Nishimura K, Ogimoto A, Ohtsuka T, Saito M et al.. Right ventricular pacing from the septum avoids the acute exacerbation in left ventricular dyssynchrony and torsional behavior seen with pacing from the apex. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2010. link 74 Nowak B, Misselwitz B, Erdogan A, Funck R, Irnich W, Israel CW et al.. Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation?--results of an obligatory external quality control program. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 75 Klimczak A, Chudzik M, Zielińska M, Budzikowski AS, Lewek J, Wranicz JK. Optimization of atrio-ventricular delay in patients with dual-chamber pacemaker. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 76 Mason KP, Zgleszewski S, Forman RE, Stark C, DiNardo JA. An exaggerated hypertensive response to glycopyrrolate therapy for bradycardia associated with high-dose dexmedetomidine. Anesthesia and analgesia 2009. link 77 Heinroth KM, Carter JM, Buerke M, Mahnkopf D, Werdan K, Prondzinsky R. Optimizing of transcoronary pacing in a porcine model. The Journal of invasive cardiology 2009. link 78 Nowak B, Misselwitz B. Effects of increasing age onto procedural parameters in pacemaker implantation: results of an obligatory external quality control program. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 79 Watson D. Symptomatic bradycardia. 1: Physiology and causes. Nursing times 2008. link 80 Morrison LJ, Long J, Vermeulen M, Schwartz B, Sawadsky B, Frank J et al.. A randomized controlled feasibility trial comparing safety and effectiveness of prehospital pacing versus conventional treatment: 'PrePACE'. Resuscitation 2008. link 81 Kováts T, Wettstein A, Nagy E, Tomcsányi J. Bradycardia can induce increased serum natriuretic peptide-level. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 82 Steinhaus D. Fifty years of pacemaker advancements. Journal of cardiovascular translational research 2008. link 83 Lin JM, Lai LP, Tsai CT, Lin LC, Tseng CD, Lin JL. Interventricular mechanical dyssynchrony determines abnormal heightening of plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide level in symptomatic bradyarrhythmia patients with chronic dual-chamber vs. single-chamber atrial pacing. Cardiology 2008. link 84 Coma Samartín R, Martínez Ferrer J, Sancho Tello MJ, Ruiz Mateas F, Leal del Ojo González J. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Fifth official report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2007). Revista espanola de cardiologia 2008. link60058-x) 85 Toogood G. Pacemaker therapies in cardiology. Australian family physician 2007. link 86 Yu CC, Liu YB, Lin MS, Wang JY, Lin JL, Lin LC. Septal pacing preserving better left ventricular mechanical performance and contractile synchronism than apical pacing in patients implanted with an atrioventricular sequential dual chamber pacemaker. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 87 Suto F, Zhu W, Chan A, Gross GJ. IKr and IKs remodeling differentially affects QT interval prolongation and dynamic adaptation to heart rate acceleration in bradycardic rabbits. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2007. link 88 Sodeck GH, Domanovits H, Meron G, Rauscha F, Losert H, Thalmann M et al.. Compromising bradycardia: management in the emergency department. Resuscitation 2007. link 89 Rucinski P, Rubaj A, Kutarski A. Pharmacotherapy changes following pacemaker implantation in patients with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 2006. link 90 Kitchen AM, O'Leary DS, Scislo TJ. Sympathetic and parasympathetic component of bradycardia triggered by stimulation of NTS P2X receptors. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2006. link 91 Watterson LM, Morris RW, Westhorpe RN, Williamson JA. Crisis management during anaesthesia: bradycardia. Quality & safety in health care 2005. link 92 Harada Y, Katsume A, Kimata M, Hikosaka T, Yamanaka S, Akashi K et al.. Placement of pacemaker leads via the extrathoracic subclavian vein guided by fluoroscopy and venography in the oblique projection. Heart and vessels 2005. link 93 Castelnuovo E, Stein K, Pitt M, Garside R, Payne E. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dual-chamber pacemakers compared with single-chamber pacemakers for bradycardia due to atrioventricular block or sick sinus syndrome: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 2005. link 94 Tveskov C, Skytthe A, Arnsbo P, Vaupel JW, Møller M, Christensen K. Twins with implanted pacemakers: Is there an increased mortality risk for the co-twin? A follow-up study based on the Danish Twin Registry and the Danish Pacemaker Register. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2005. link 95 Gepstein L. Stem cells as biological heart pacemakers. Expert opinion on biological therapy 2005. link 96 Padeletti L, Santini M, Boriani G, Botto G, Capucci A, Gulizia M et al.. Temporal variability of atrial tachyarrhythmia burden in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome patients. European heart journal 2005. link 97 Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Tloczkowski J, Mundy T, Sharma M, Bove J et al.. Emergency medicine-trained physicians are proficient in the insertion of transvenous pacemakers. Annals of emergency medicine 2004. link 98 Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.. Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society 2004. link 99 Willems R, Morck ML, Exner DV, Rose SM, Gillis AM. Ventricular high-rate episodes in pacemaker diagnostics identify a high-risk subgroup of patients with tachy-brady syndrome. Heart rhythm 2004. link 100 Trohman RG, Kim MH, Pinski SL. Cardiac pacing: the state of the art. Lancet (London, England) 2004. link17358-3)