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Cardiology3805 papers

Cardiac sarcoidosis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a multisystem granulomatous disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas infiltrating the myocardium, leading to arrhythmias, heart failure, and increased risk of sudden cardiac death 5 75.

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Presence of non-caseating granulomas, often identified via endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) or imaging techniques 33 75.

Recommended Tests:

- Cardiac MRI (CMR): Detects late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) indicative of fibrosis 6 7 29 61. - FDG-PET/CT: Useful for detecting metabolic activity and extramyocardial involvement 6 10 12 13 27 33 63. - Electrophysiological Studies: Can reveal characteristic ventricular arrhythmias 50 75.

Grading Systems: Utilize imaging findings and clinical presentation to stratify risk (e.g., AHA 2024 classification) 9 75.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Corticosteroids: Initial treatment often involves prednisolone, with maintenance doses typically 5-10 mg/day 4 75. - Immunosuppressive Agents: For steroid-refractory cases, consider methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil 1 24 38 48.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Tofacitinib: Emerging role in steroid-sparing strategies 1. - Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Potential benefits in managing heart failure symptoms 8. - Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs): Recommended for high-risk patients to prevent sudden cardiac death 1 11 31 50.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Limited data; management focuses on balancing maternal and fetal safety with disease control [No specific evidence provided].

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; tailored immunosuppressive strategies are crucial [No specific evidence provided].

Comorbidities: Presence of comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension may influence treatment decisions and prognosis 49 55.

Key Recommendations

Maintain corticosteroid maintenance dose within 5-10 mg/day for long-term control (Evidence: Moderate 4).

Consider FDG-PET/CT and CMR for comprehensive diagnosis and risk stratification (Evidence: Strong 6 10 12 27 63).

Use ICDs in patients with high arrhythmic risk to prevent sudden cardiac death (Evidence: Moderate 1 11 31 50).

Explore alternative immunosuppressive agents like tofacitinib for steroid-refractory cases (Evidence: Weak 1).

Monitor and adjust treatment based on serial PET imaging to assess response and disease progression (Evidence: Moderate 28).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 573 indexed papers.

1 Frischknecht L, Stüssi-Helbling M, Tian Y, Mallone A, Farokhnia A, Buechel R et al.. Tofacitinib in the treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis: towards steroid-sparing disease management. Open heart 2026. link 2 Ibecheozor C, Mitchell J, Duvall C, Wagle A, Sani MM, Gilotra NA et al.. Risk of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 3 Dulay MS, Ahmed R, Kouranos V, Sharma R. Assessing outcomes in a cardiac sarcoid cohort with implantable loop recorders - a tertiary United Kingdom study. Current problems in cardiology 2026. link 4 Nishimura T, Ishibashi K, Kanaoka K, Nakajima K, Ikee T, Syako D et al.. Prognostic impact of corticosteroid maintenance dose and re-escalation in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Open heart 2026. link 5 Weintraub NL, Guha A, Taskar V, Elam RE, Chiang AWT, Ley K et al.. Cardiovascular Manifestations and Immunobiology of Sarcoidosis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2026. link 6 Solanki R, Sood A, Bahl A, Dhooria S, Singhal M, Singh S et al.. Diagnostic performance of 68 Ga-DOTANOC PET/computed tomography in cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Nuclear medicine communications 2026. link 7 Venkatesan B, Roman J, Kramer D. Cardiac sarcoidosis a brief review of the evolving role of diagnostic imaging. The American journal of the medical sciences 2026. link 8 Mahmoud AK, Kamel I, Awad K, Elnashar M, Younes A, Farina J et al.. The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Sarcoid Cardiomyopathy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions 2026. link 9 Mälkönen H, Lehtonen J, Pöyhönen P, Uusitalo V, Mäyränpää MI, Kupari M. Implications of the 2024 American Heart Association Classification of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Characteristics and Outcome of Patients Across the Continuum of Diagnostic Likelihood. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 10 Pant V, Al Hayja MA, Vinjamuri S. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET computed tomography in cardiac sarcoidosis: lessons from a 10-year review. Nuclear medicine communications 2026. link 11 Freyaldenhoven KJ, Johnson JA, Terrazas A, Alsaloum P, Lee DJ, Nguyen L. Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in Sarcoidosis Patients with Ocular Involvement: A Propensity-Score-Matched Analysis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2026. link 12 Drew Z, Xie BY, Sivaratnam D, Williams C. Complementary Roles of Cardiac MRI and FDG-PET/CT in the Evaluation of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Insights From a Single-Centre Retrospective Study. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2026. link 13 Mannan ZM, Hankinson SJ, Laychak SS, Hainer J, Dorbala S, Blankstein R et al.. Prevalence of lateral wall myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients with left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing referred for sarcoidosis fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2026. link 14 Tamura T, Takenaka S, Nagai T, Tsuneta S, Hamaya T, Hirata K et al.. Prognostic value of . International journal of cardiology 2026. link 15 Seedahmed MI, Okereke J, Al-Qadi MO. Pulmonary hypertension in a distinct IgG4-high phenotype of sarcoidosis: A case series. Journal of the National Medical Association 2026. link 16 Miyahara D, Kida K, Nabeta T, Yoshioka K, Naruse Y, Taniguchi T et al.. Prognostic value of the clinical phenotype in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: SARCO phenotype. Journal of cardiology 2026. link 17 Kullberg S, Faxén J, Cagan J, Torabzadeh H, Eklund A, Smed-Sörensen A et al.. Diagnostic delay and phenotypic differences in cardiac sarcoidosis: a descriptive study of diagnostic and follow-up clinical data. Open heart 2026. link 18 Queisi MM, Pardo CA. Neurosarcoidosis in Critical Care, Internal, and Pulmonary Medicine: A Practical Approach. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 2025. link 19 Odackal J, Di Tosto G, McAlearney AS, Rush LJ, Crouser E, Sharp M. Age, comorbidity, race and gender differences in referral to a pulmonologist among patients with sarcoidosis at a large academic medical center. BMC pulmonary medicine 2025. link 20 Takaya Y, Nakagawa K, Miyoshi T, Nishii N, Morita H, Nakamura K et al.. Life-Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Isolated Cardiac Sarcoidosis Compared With Cardiac Sarcoidosis With Extracardiac Involvement. The American journal of cardiology 2025. link 21 Wiefels C, Boczar K, Birnie D, Beanlands R, Chareonthaitawee P. Quantification of metabolic activity in the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2025. link 22 Chonan Y, Suzuki H, Takeuchi K, Takanami K, Takase K, Yasuda S. Insular abnormalities in . International journal of cardiology 2025. link 23 Ribeiro Neto ML, Jellis CL, Taimeh Z, Cremer P, Pulapaka AV, Wimer A et al.. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Isolated Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Multidisciplinary Diagnosis Versus Japanese Circulation Society Criteria. The American journal of cardiology 2025. link 24 Richards D, Fujito H, Shanbhag A, Akhavan B, Frame E, Hayes S et al.. Utility of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Journal of cardiac failure 2025. link 25 Rodriguez-Riascos JF, Vemulapalli HS, Prajapati P, Muthu P, Sorajja D, Jokerst CE et al.. Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Histologically Confirmed, Clinically Diagnosed, and Suspected Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2025. link 26 Chen KR, Miura K, Inazumi T, Nakamura Y, Nakajima H, Takahashi H et al.. Sarcoid Vasculitis in the Skin: A Clinicopathologic Study of 8 Cases With Various Skin Lesions but the Common Unique Cannonball-like Vessel Destruction by Sarcoid Granulomas. The American journal of surgical pathology 2025. link 27 Liu A, Ahmed R, Dulay MS, Okafor J, Azzu A, Ramphul K et al.. Outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in cardiac sarcoidosis patients with a range of ejection fractions. ESC heart failure 2025. link 28 Rojulpote C, Bhattaru A, Patil S, Adams SL, Salas JA, Vidula MK et al.. Assessing the effect of repeat positron emission tomography imaging on treatment response and cardiovascular outcomes among a homogenously treated cohort of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2025. link 29 Pöyhönen P, Lehtonen J, Syväranta S, Velikanova D, Mälkönen H, Simonen P et al.. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of the Risk of Sudden Death in Cardiac Sarcoidosis: What Is Extensive or Significant Late Gadolinium Enhancement?. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2025. link 30 Nentwich K, Klingel K, Ene E, Müller J, Berkowitz A, Barth S et al.. Cardiac sarcoidosis in patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias refractory to endocardial ablation. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2025. link 31 Kim BM, Sykora D, Rosenbaum AN, Ahmed E, Churchill RA, Bratcher M et al.. Arrhythmic prognosis according to left ventricular systolic dysfunction severity in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart rhythm 2025. link 32 Stevenson M, Younis N. Concomitant Neurosarcoidosis and Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Peculiar Path to Diagnosis. The American journal of case reports 2025. link 33 Mälkönen H, Lehtonen J, Pöyhönen P, Uusitalo V, Mäyränpää MI, Kupari M. Endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. European journal of heart failure 2025. link 34 Baba Y, Kubo T, Nabeta T, Matsue Y, Kitai T, Naruse Y et al.. Prognostic role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: insights from ILLUMINATE-CS. ESC heart failure 2025. link 35 Takeuchi K, Suzuki H, Takanami K, Ota H, Tanaka Y, Fujishima F et al.. Reduced . International journal of cardiology 2025. link 36 Dinov B, Henfling C, Ebbinghaus H, Latuscynski K, Paetsch I, Jahnke C et al.. Rates and predictors for sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and AV block as first cardiac presentation: Implications for device implantation. Heart rhythm 2025. link 37 Inoue A, Nagao M, Kaneko K, Yamamoto A, Shirai Y, Toshihiro O et al.. Glucose metabolic rate from four-dimensional . European radiology 2025. [link 38 Carvajal-González A, Arevalo-Espejo O, Beeter MC, Umer S, Chernyshev O. Neurosarcoidosis complicated by systemic vasculitis. The American journal of the medical sciences 2025. link 39 Devesa A, Robson PM, Cangut B, Vazirani R, Vergani V, LaRocca G et al.. Specific locations of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis are associated with higher risk of events in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart rhythm 2025. link 40 Singh M, Ahmed R, Umeojiako WI, Wechalekar K, Baksi JA, Khattar R et al.. Assessing prognostic outcomes in cardiac sarcoidosis with advanced heart failure: How do current guidelines fare?. Current problems in cardiology 2025. link 41 Birnie DH. Cardiac sarcoidosis; update for the heart failure specialist. Current opinion in cardiology 2025. link 42 Dulay MS, Ahmed R, Liu A, Shi R, Okafor J, Azzu A et al.. Ascertaining the prognostic role of cardiac resynchronisation therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis: A comparison with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Current problems in cardiology 2025. link 43 Takaya Y, Nakagawa K, Miyoshi T, Nishii N, Morita H, Nakamura K et al.. Impact of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2025. link 44 Azzu A, Antonopoulos AS, Okafor J, Morosin M, Androulakis E, Hatipoglu S et al.. Extent and Features of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Stratify Arrhythmic Risk in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Sarcoidosis. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2025. link 45 Kidd DP. Neurosarcoidosis. Journal of neurology 2024. link 46 Van Swol JM, Hawkins ET, Joseph ED, Nguyen SA, Anderson RJ, Thompson EB et al.. Cardiac Screening and Disease Characteristics of Patients with Ocular Sarcoidosis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 47 Belperio JA, Fishbein MC, Abtin F, Channick J, Balasubramanian SA, Lynch Iii JP. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: A comprehensive review: Past to present. Journal of autoimmunity 2024. link 48 Yamasaki H, Kondo H, Ogawa N, Mitarai K, Ishi Y, Saito S et al.. Remission of Cardiac Sarcoidosis after the Administration of Methotrexate as First-line Drug Therapy. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 49 Savale L, Dorfmüller P, Boucly A, Jaïs X, Lacoste-Palasset T, Jevnikar M et al.. Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension. Clinics in chest medicine 2024. link 50 Mahendradas P, Acharya I, Mishra SB, Sanjay S, Kawali A, Shetty R et al.. Bilateral retinal vasculitis due to presumed sarcoidosis with rickettsial retinitis. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 51 Morita H, Nakagawa K, Ueoka A, Mizuno T, Masuda T, Asada S et al.. Significant delayed conduction and characteristic ventricular tachycardias in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and electrical storm. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2024. link 52 Maizels L, Mansour M, Abu-Much A, Massalha E, Kalstein M, Beinart R et al.. Prevalence of Cardiac Sarcoidosis in Middle-Aged Adults Diagnosed with High-Grade Atrioventricular Block. The American journal of medicine 2024. link 53 Kırkıl G. Predictors of Mortality in Sarcoidosis. Clinics in chest medicine 2024. link 54 Nunes H, Brillet PY, Bernaudin JF, Gille T, Valeyre D, Jeny F. Fibrotic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Clinics in chest medicine 2024. link 55 Ribeiro Neto ML, Jellis CL, Cremer PC, Harper LJ, Taimeh Z, Culver DA. Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Clinics in chest medicine 2024. link 56 Ahmed R, Sivasankaran K, Ahsan A, Mactaggart S, Azzu A, Dulay MS et al.. Clinical outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Current problems in cardiology 2024. link 57 Sykora D, Olson N, Churchill R, Kim BM, Bratcher M, Elwazir M et al.. Pharmacist Medication Titration Program for Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Systolic Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 2024. link 58 Maeda D, Matsue Y, Dotare T, Sunayama T, Iso T, Yoshioka K et al.. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with isolated cardiac sarcoidosis: Insights from the ILLUMINATE-CS study. European journal of heart failure 2024. link 59 Sykora D, Bratcher M, Churchill R, Kim BM, Elwazir M, Young K et al.. Medical Therapy and Clinical Outcomes in Cardiac Sarcoidosis Patients With Systolic Heart Failure. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2024. link 60 Ahmed R, Sawatari H, Amanullah K, Okafor J, Wafa SEI, Deshpande S et al.. Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure and Sarcoidosis: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2010-2019. The American journal of medicine 2024. link 61 Stevenson A, Bray JJH, Tregidgo L, Ahmad M, Sharma A, Ng A et al.. Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Detected on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Sarcoidosis. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 62 Doyle D, Browne U, Brickley A, Murphy D. Vitamin D-induced hypercalcaemia and acute kidney injury in sarcoidosis. BMJ case reports 2023. link 63 Adhaduk M, Paudel B, Khalid MU, Ashwath M, Mansour S, Liu K. Comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the assessment of cardiac sarcoidosis: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2023. link 64 Tan JL, Tan BE, Cheung JW, Ortman M, Lee JZ. Update on cardiac sarcoidosis. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2023. link 65 Okada T, Kawaguchi N, Miyagawa M, Matsuoka M, Tashiro R, Tanabe Y et al.. Clinical features and prognosis of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis diagnosed using new guidelines with dedicated FDG PET/CT. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2023. link 66 Kaneko K, Nagao M, Yamamoto A, Sakai A, Sakai S. FDG uptake patterns in isolated and systemic cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2023. link 67 Jin C, Gandrabur L, Kim WY, Pan S, Ash JY. Sarcoid Heart Disease: Review of Current Knowledge. Cardiology in review 2023. link 68 Benjamin MM, Shah P, Munir MS, Kinno M, Syed MA. Comparison of LGE quantitation methods in cardiac sarcoidosis to predict clinical outcomes. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 69 McKinnon AT, Shalin SC, Evans MS. Bilateral eyelid swelling as the presenting sign of subcutaneous sarcoidosis. Pediatric dermatology 2023. link 70 Kaneta K, Takahama H, Tateishi E, Irie Y, Moriuchi K, Amano M et al.. Clinical Outcomes of Radiologic Relapse in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis Under Immunosuppressive Therapies. The American journal of cardiology 2023. link 71 Buttar C, Lakhdar S, Pavankumar T, Guzman-Perez L, Mahmood K, Collura G. Heart transplantation in end-stage heart failure secondary to cardiac sarcoidosis: an updated systematic review. Heart failure reviews 2023. link 72 Jaleel J, Patel C, Khangembam B, Kumar S, Babu AS, Seth S. Utility of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in therapeutic monitoring of cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2023. link 73 Chakrala T, Prakash RO, Jain A, Vautier RA, Prasada S, Al-Ani M et al.. Severe cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest due to fulminant cardiac sarcoidosis: a case report. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2023. link 74 Okafor J, Azzu A, Ahmed R, Cassimon B, Wechalekar K, Wells A et al.. A rare case of extensive biventricular cardiac sarcoidosis with reversible torrential tricuspid regurgitation. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2023. link 75 Lehtonen J, Uusitalo V, Pöyhönen P, Mäyränpää MI, Kupari M. Cardiac sarcoidosis: phenotypes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. European heart journal 2023. link 76 Kataoka S, Yagishita D, Yazaki K, Kanai M, Hasegawa S, Shoda M et al.. Prolonged T-peak to T-end Interval Predicts Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2023. link 77 Duvall C, Pavlovic N, Rosen NS, Wand AL, Griffin JM, Okada DR et al.. Sex and Race Differences in Cardiac Sarcoidosis Presentation, Treatment and Outcomes. Journal of cardiac failure 2023. link 78 De Bortoli A, Birnie DH. Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2023. link 79 Kouranos V, Khattar RS, Okafor J, Ahmed R, Azzu A, Baksi JA et al.. Predictors of outcome in a contemporary cardiac sarcoidosis population: Role of brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular function and myocardial inflammation. European journal of heart failure 2023. link 80 Kaur M, Karthick K, Vishwajeet V, Patra S. Umbilicated papulonodules on the elbows with purpuric papules on the fingers. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2022. link 81 Karabulut Y, Öz N, Gezer HH, Esen İ, Duruöz MT. Perspective of sarcoidosis in terms of rheumatology: a single-center rheumatology clinic experience. Rheumatology international 2022. link 82 Hammam N, Evans M, Morgan E, Reimold A, Anastasiou C, Kay JL et al.. Treatment of Sarcoidosis in US Rheumatology Practices: Data From the American College of Rheumatology's Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE) Registry. Arthritis care & research 2022. link 83 Byrne B, Goh A, Izham NF, Porter E, Field S. Systemic evaluation of cutaneous sarcoidosis: 15-year dermatology experience at University Hospital Limerick. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2022. link 84 Park J, Young BD, Miller EJ. Potential novel imaging targets of inflammation in cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 85 Bakker A, Mathijssen H, Dorland G, Balt JC, van Dijk VF, Veltkamp M et al.. Long-term monitoring of arrhythmias with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart rhythm 2022. link 86 Mahmoudzadeh R, Gopal A, Soares R, Dunn JP. Unilateral Retinal Arteritis and Macroaneurysm in Sarcoidosis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 87 Elwazir MY, Bird JG, AbouEzzeddine OF, Chareonthaitawee P, Blauwet LA, Collins JD et al.. Performance of cardiac PET/CT with and without phase analysis for detection of scar in cardiac sarcoidosis: Comparison to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 88 Greulich S, Gatidis S, Gräni C, Blankstein R, Glatthaar A, Mezger K et al.. Hybrid Cardiac Magnetic Resonance/Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography to Differentiate Active From Chronic Cardiac Sarcoidosis. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2022. link 89 Adhaduk M, Paudel B, Liu K, Ashwath M, Giudici M. The role of electrophysiology study in risk stratification of cardiac sarcoidosis patients: Meta-analyses and systemic review. International journal of cardiology 2022. link 90 Agrawal T, Saleh Y, Sukkari MH, Alnabelsi TS, Khan M, Kassi M et al.. Diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: a primer for non-imagers. Heart failure reviews 2022. link 91 Unger A, Unger P, Mottale R, Amzulescu M, Beun AJ. Sarcoidosis presenting as acute pericarditis. A case report and review of pericardial sarcoidosis. Acta cardiologica 2022. link 92 Ogura S, Nakamura K, Morita H, Nakagawa K, Nishii N, Akagi S et al.. Fragmented QRS as a predictor of cardiac events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of cardiology 2022. link 93 Rossides M, Kullberg S, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Di Giuseppe D, Askling J et al.. Risk and predictors of heart failure in sarcoidosis in a population-based cohort study from Sweden. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2022. link 94 Babu K, Biswas J, Agarwal M, Mahendradas P, Bansal R, Rathinam SR et al.. Diagnostic Markers in Ocular Sarcoidosis in A High TB Endemic Population - A Multicentre Study. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 95 Bekki M, Tahara N, Tahara A, Sugiyama Y, Maeda-Ogata S, Honda A et al.. Localization of myocardial FDG uptake for prognostic risk stratification in corticosteroid-naïve cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 96 Miller RJH, Cadet S, Pournazari P, Pope A, Kransdorf E, Hamilton MA et al.. Quantitative Assessment of Cardiac Hypermetabolism and Perfusion for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 97 Moretti M, Lefesvre P, Jonckheer J. Cirrhosis and partial portal thrombosis leading to severe variceal bleeding, an unusual presentation of sarcoidosis. Acta clinica Belgica 2022. link 98 Patel VN, Pieper JA, Poitrasson-Rivière A, Kopin D, Cascino T, Aaronson K et al.. The prognostic value of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 99 Minomo S, Ichijo M, Sato Y, Miyazaki R, Amino T, Kamata T. Cardioembolic Stroke Due to Cardiac Sarcoidosis Diagnosed by Pathological Evaluation of the Retrieved Thrombus. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 100 Makhdumi M, Assar MD, Meyer DM, Roberts WC. Cardiac sarcoidosis diagnosed after orthotopic heart transplantation and clinically mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2022. link

Original source

[1]
Tofacitinib in the treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis: towards steroid-sparing disease management. — Frischknecht L, Stüssi-Helbling M, Tian Y, Mallone A, Farokhnia A, Buechel R et al. Open heart (2026)
[2]
Risk of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. — Ibecheozor C, Mitchell J, Duvall C, Wagle A, Sani MM, Gilotra NA et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2026)
[3]
Assessing outcomes in a cardiac sarcoid cohort with implantable loop recorders - a tertiary United Kingdom study. — Dulay MS, Ahmed R, Kouranos V, Sharma R Current problems in cardiology (2026)
[4]
Prognostic impact of corticosteroid maintenance dose and re-escalation in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. — Nishimura T, Ishibashi K, Kanaoka K, Nakajima K, Ikee T, Syako D et al. Open heart (2026)
[5]
Cardiovascular Manifestations and Immunobiology of Sarcoidosis. — Weintraub NL, Guha A, Taskar V, Elam RE, Chiang AWT, Ley K et al. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2026)
[6]
Diagnostic performance of 68 Ga-DOTANOC PET/computed tomography in cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance. — Solanki R, Sood A, Bahl A, Dhooria S, Singhal M, Singh S et al. Nuclear medicine communications (2026)
[7]
Cardiac sarcoidosis a brief review of the evolving role of diagnostic imaging. — Venkatesan B, Roman J, Kramer D The American journal of the medical sciences (2026)
[8]
The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Sarcoid Cardiomyopathy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. — Mahmoud AK, Kamel I, Awad K, Elnashar M, Younes A, Farina J et al. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions (2026)
[9]
Implications of the 2024 American Heart Association Classification of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Characteristics and Outcome of Patients Across the Continuum of Diagnostic Likelihood. — Mälkönen H, Lehtonen J, Pöyhönen P, Uusitalo V, Mäyränpää MI, Kupari M Journal of the American Heart Association (2026)
[10]
18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET computed tomography in cardiac sarcoidosis: lessons from a 10-year review. — Pant V, Al Hayja MA, Vinjamuri S Nuclear medicine communications (2026)
[11]
Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in Sarcoidosis Patients with Ocular Involvement: A Propensity-Score-Matched Analysis. — Freyaldenhoven KJ, Johnson JA, Terrazas A, Alsaloum P, Lee DJ, Nguyen L Ocular immunology and inflammation (2026)
[12]
Complementary Roles of Cardiac MRI and FDG-PET/CT in the Evaluation of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Insights From a Single-Centre Retrospective Study. — Drew Z, Xie BY, Sivaratnam D, Williams C Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology (2026)
[13]
Prevalence of lateral wall myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients with left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing referred for sarcoidosis fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. — Mannan ZM, Hankinson SJ, Laychak SS, Hainer J, Dorbala S, Blankstein R et al. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2026)
[14]
Prognostic value of — Tamura T, Takenaka S, Nagai T, Tsuneta S, Hamaya T, Hirata K et al. International journal of cardiology (2026)
[15]
Pulmonary hypertension in a distinct IgG4-high phenotype of sarcoidosis: A case series. — Seedahmed MI, Okereke J, Al-Qadi MO Journal of the National Medical Association (2026)
[16]
Prognostic value of the clinical phenotype in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: SARCO phenotype. — Miyahara D, Kida K, Nabeta T, Yoshioka K, Naruse Y, Taniguchi T et al. Journal of cardiology (2026)
[17]
Diagnostic delay and phenotypic differences in cardiac sarcoidosis: a descriptive study of diagnostic and follow-up clinical data. — Kullberg S, Faxén J, Cagan J, Torabzadeh H, Eklund A, Smed-Sörensen A et al. Open heart (2026)
[18]
Neurosarcoidosis in Critical Care, Internal, and Pulmonary Medicine: A Practical Approach. — Queisi MM, Pardo CA Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine (2025)
[19]
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