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Ophthalmology1235 papers

Optic atrophy

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Optic atrophy refers to the degeneration of the optic nerve, often leading to irreversible vision loss. It can result from various causes including genetic disorders, demyelinating diseases, and compressive lesions. 24 37

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Visual impairment, pupillary abnormalities, and characteristic visual field defects.

Imaging: MRI and OCT to assess optic nerve structure and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

Electrodiagnostic Tests: Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and electroretinography (ERG) to evaluate neural function. 27 60

Genetic Testing: For suspected hereditary causes, particularly in pediatric cases. 14 32

Management

Supportive Care: Low-vision aids and rehabilitation programs.

Symptomatic Treatment: Addressing underlying conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes) to prevent further damage.

Experimental Therapies: Gene therapy and neuroprotective agents under investigation for specific genetic forms. 32 57

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Early genetic testing and counseling for hereditary optic neuropathies. 14 32

Elderly: Focus on managing comorbidities that may exacerbate optic atrophy, such as glaucoma or vascular diseases. 17 37

Key Recommendations

Genetic Testing for Suspected Hereditary Causes: Essential for early diagnosis and family planning. (Evidence: Moderate 14)

Regular Monitoring with Imaging and Electrodiagnostic Tests: To assess progression and guide management. (Evidence: Moderate 27 60)

Management of Underlying Conditions: Control of systemic diseases to prevent further optic nerve damage. (Evidence: Moderate 17 37)

Referral to Low-Vision Services: To enhance quality of life for patients with significant visual impairment. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 276 indexed papers.

1 Strong Caldwell A, Watane A, Bommakanti N. Trends in supply and demand of vitreoretinal fellowship positions in the United States. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2026. link 2 Faneli AC, Oliveira RDC, Nakayama LF, Torres RA, Muccioli C, Regatieri CVS. Performance of generative large language models in answering questions from the Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society certification exam. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2026. link 3 Bantounou MA, Starr MR. Litigation Involving Intravitreal Injections in Ophthalmology: A Review of Legal Claims and Outcomes. Ophthalmology. Retina 2026. link 4 Dos Santos ML, Santos LA, Cardoso AL, Agra LLM, Coelho JAPM, Melo GB. Intravitreal injection delivered volume under different environmental and training conditions. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2026. link 5 Li L, Ge Z, Dai Y. Assessment of distributions and gender difference in adverse events related to faricimab: a real-world study based on FDA adverse event reporting system. Expert opinion on drug safety 2026. link 6 Land MR, Koepsell M, Nussbaum N, Gomperts E, Gomperts A, Thounaojam MC et al.. Carbon Monoxide Therapy: Evidence and Prospects for Preventing and Treating Retinal Diseases. Biomolecules 2026. link 7 AlJohani S, Khathami AA, Shehri AA. Factors influencing ophthalmology trainees' decision to pursue vitreoretinal surgery fellowship in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC ophthalmology 2025. link 8 Erdag M, Citirik M, Dal A. Augmented and virtual reality in retinal care: A systematic review of their role in training, surgery, and treatment. Survey of ophthalmology 2025. link 9 Wen C, Ye M, Li H, Chen T, Xiao X. Concept-Based Lesion Aware Transformer for Interpretable Retinal Disease Diagnosis. IEEE transactions on medical imaging 2025. link 10 Gim N, Ferguson AN, Blazes M, Lee CS, Lee AY. The march to harmonized imaging standards for retinal imaging. Progress in retinal and eye research 2025. link 11 Hermes J, Steiert B. Optimizing Early Ophthalmology Clinical Trials: Home OCT and Modeling Can Reduce Sample Size by 20% to 40. Translational vision science & technology 2025. link 12 Dave VP, Natarajan R, Pappuru RR. Learning Curve in Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Diagnostic Endoscopy: Implications for Budding Enthusiasts and Fellows-In-Training. Seminars in ophthalmology 2025. link 13 Oehm JB, Fuhrmann L, Hoffmann K, Schröder D, Weich C, Poschkamp B et al.. Towards a FHIR Specification for Research in Ophthalmology: Designing the EyeMatics Core Data Set for Multi-Centric Data Integration. Studies in health technology and informatics 2025. link 14 Marques JP, Soares CA, Carvalho AL, Estrela-Silva S, Santos LC, Ramos L et al.. Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology and Portuguese Society of Human Genetics Joint Clinical Practice Guidelines for Genetic Testing in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Clinical genetics 2025. link 15 Mikhail D, Mihalache A, Huang RS, Khairy T, Popovic MM, Milad D et al.. Performance of ChatGPT in French language analysis of multimodal retinal cases. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 16 Sharma A, Hussain R, Learoyd AE, Aristidou A, Soomro T, Blandford A et al.. Tele-ophthalmology-enabled and artificial intelligence-ready referral pathway for community optometry referrals of retinal disease: HERMES cluster randomised trial with a diagnostic accuracy study. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 2025. link 17 Nowroozzadeh MH, Hajipourkhorasani M. Increased Risk of Retinal Vasculitis May Be Associated with Aflibercept 8 mg: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the FAERS Database. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025. link 18 Panda P, Mohanty S, Gouda SR, Mohapatra R. Advances in nanomedicine for retinal drug delivery: overcoming barriers and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Journal of drug targeting 2025. link 19 Khathami AA, Baklola M, Alalyani MA, Aljuaid AT, Alsaeed R, Ghramah AA et al.. Multimodal artificial intelligence in retinal vascular and neovascular macular diseases: a systematic review of diagnostic and prognostic applications. BMC ophthalmology 2025. link 20 Wykoff CC, Avery RL, Barakat MR, Boyer DS, Brown DM, Brucker AJ et al.. SUPRACHOROIDAL SPACE INJECTION TECHNIQUE: Expert Panel Guidance. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024. link 21 Nichani PAH, Popovic MM, Mihalache A, Pathak A, Muni RH, Wong DTW et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Faricimab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, and Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2024. link 22 Ebrahimi M, Sivaprasad S. A new population for primary prevention of retinal diseases; a step toward improved global eye health beyond diabetes and prediabetes. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 23 Pan WW, Tracey BM, Jayasundera KT, Fahim AT. Autoantibodies Against Bestrophin in Non-Paraneoplastic Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2024. link 24 Kherani IZ, Kritzinger J, Micieli JA, Wong JCY. Evaluating smartphone fundoscopy as a pedagogical tool in medical education: a narrative review. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 25 Mohan S, Mohankumar A, Mohan M, Karunanidhi R, Rao VP, Rajan M. Ten tips to master ultrasound B-scan of the posterior segment of the eye. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 26 Carmichael J, Costanza E, Blandford A, Struyven R, Keane PA, Balaskas K. Diagnostic decisions of specialist optometrists exposed to ambiguous deep-learning outputs. Scientific reports 2024. link 27 Ma F, Li S, Wang S, Guo Y, Wu F, Meng J et al.. Deep-learning segmentation method for optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology. Journal of biophotonics 2024. link 28 Tabuchi H, Engelmann J, Maeda F, Nishikawa R, Nagasawa T, Yamauchi T et al.. Using artificial intelligence to improve human performance: efficient retinal disease detection training with synthetic images. The British journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 29 Naseripour M, Hemmati S, Aghili SS, Gordiz A, Enayatollahi S, Daem M et al.. Congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium: 4 cases with multimodal imaging. Ophthalmic genetics 2024. link 30 Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A et al.. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Progress in retinal and eye research 2024. link 31 Ehlers JP, Baraona J. Use of physician extenders in ophthalmology: pros. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2023. link 32 Bremond-Gignac D, Robert MP, Daruich A. Update on gene therapies in pediatric ophthalmology. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2023. link00226-9) 33 Vishwakarma S, Kaur I. Molecular Mediators and Regulators of Retinal Angiogenesis. Seminars in ophthalmology 2023. link 34 Ascaso FJ, Grzybowski A. José Morón was the first to introduce the retinal light photocoagulation. Acta ophthalmologica 2022. link 35 Kaiser PK, Schmitz-Valckenberg MS, Holz FG. ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR BIOSIMILARS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2022. link 36 Ramamurthy SR, Dave VP. Robotics in Vitreo-Retinal Surgery. Seminars in ophthalmology 2022. link 37 Bernal-Morales C, Velazquez-Villoria D, Cubero-Parra JM, Keane PA, Sim DA, Adán A et al.. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy after uneventful ocular surgery with local anaesthetic blocks. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 38 Han JED, Liu X, Bunce C, Douiri A, Vale L, Blandford A et al.. Teleophthalmology-enabled and artificial intelligence-ready referral pathway for community optometry referrals of retinal disease (HERMES): a Cluster Randomised Superiority Trial with a linked Diagnostic Accuracy Study-HERMES study report 1-study protocol. BMJ open 2022. link 39 Raparia E, Husain D. COVID-19 Launches Retinal Telemedicine into the Next Frontier. Seminars in ophthalmology 2021. link 40 Reyes-Capo DP, Yannuzzi NA, Chan RVP, Murray TG, Berrocal AM, Sridhar J. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REPORTED PROCEDURAL VOLUME AMONG VITREORETINAL FELLOWS. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2021. link 41 Fischer MD, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Dimopoulos S, Herrmann P, Gerhardt M, Holz FG et al.. Surgical Aspects in Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Diseases. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2021. link 42 Faes L, Rosenblatt A, Schwartz R, Touhami S, Ventura CV, Chatziralli IP et al.. Overcoming barriers of retinal care delivery during a pandemic-attitudes and drivers for the implementation of digital health: a global expert survey. The British journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 43 Tauscher RG, Lavine JA. Resident Participation and Patient Outcomes in Vitreoretinal Surgery. Ophthalmology. Retina 2021. link 44 Go JA, Weng CY. Process Mapping and Activity-Based Costing of the Intravitreal Injection Procedure. Current eye research 2021. link 45 Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC et al.. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Progress in retinal and eye research 2021. link 46 Krauthammer M, Moisseiev E. The 100 Most Cited Articles on Vitrectomy: A Bibliographic Perspective. Ophthalmology. Retina 2020. link 47 Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. A review of electroretinography waveforms and models and their application in the dog. Veterinary ophthalmology 2020. link 48 Shrestha A, Shrestha C, Karki P, Gurung HM, Naito T. Strengthening retina eye care services in Nepal: retina eye care of Nepal project. BMC health services research 2020. link 49 Mellum ML, Vestergaard AH, Grauslund J, Vergmann AS. Virtual vitreoretinal surgery: effect of distracting factors on surgical performance in medical students. Acta ophthalmologica 2020. link 50 Jill Hopkins J, Keane PA, Balaskas K. Delivering personalized medicine in retinal care: from artificial intelligence algorithms to clinical application. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2020. link 51 Forslund Jacobsen M, Konge L, Alberti M, la Cour M, Park YS, Thomsen ASS. ROBOT-ASSISTED VITREORETINAL SURGERY IMPROVES SURGICAL ACCURACY COMPARED WITH MANUAL SURGERY: A Randomized Trial in a Simulated Setting. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020. link 52 Korobelnik JF, Loewenstein A, Eldem B, Joussen AM, Koh A, Lambrou GN et al.. Guidance for anti-VEGF intravitreal injections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2020. link 53 Yannuzzi NA, Smith L, Yadegari D, Venincasa MJ, Al-Khersan H, Patel NA et al.. ANALYSIS OF THE VITREORETINAL SURGICAL FELLOWSHIP APPLICANT POOL: Publication Misrepresentations and Predictors of Future Academic Output. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020. link 54 Huang SS. Future Vision 2020 and Beyond-5 Critical Trends in Eye Research. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020. link 55 Khaqan HA, Imtiaz U, Malik IQ, Qureshi BZ. Customized disposable kit versus a conventional stainless steel instrument for an intravitreal injection: A comparison. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2020. link 56 Ledolter J, Gramlich OW, Kardon RH. Parametric Statistical Inference for Comparing Means and Variances. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2020. link 57 Fukushima M, Inoue T, Miyai T, Obata R. Retinal dystrophy associated with Danon disease and pathogenic mechanism through LAMP2-mutated retinal pigment epithelium. European journal of ophthalmology 2020. link 58 Coyner AS, Campbell JP, Chiang MF. Demystifying the Jargon: The Bridge between Ophthalmology and Artificial Intelligence. Ophthalmology. Retina 2019. link 59 Kern C, Kortuem K, Hamilton R, Fasolo S, Cai Y, Balaskas K et al.. Clinical Outcomes of a Hospital-Based Teleophthalmology Service: What Happens to Patients in a Virtual Clinic?. Ophthalmology. Retina 2019. link 60 McCulloch DL, Kondo M, Hamilton R, Lachapelle P, Messias AMV, Robson AG et al.. ISCEV extended protocol for the stimulus-response series for light-adapted full-field ERG. Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology 2019. link 61 Jorjandi S, Rabbani H, Amini Z, Kafieh R. OCT Image Denoising Based on Asymmetric Normal Laplace Mixture Model. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2019. link 62 Pi S, Camino A, Wei X, Hormel TT, Cepurna W, Morrison JC et al.. Automated phase unwrapping in Doppler optical coherence tomography. Journal of biomedical optics 2019. link 63 Jung H, Liu J, Liu T, George A, Smelkinson MG, Cohen S et al.. Longitudinal adaptive optics fluorescence microscopy reveals cellular mosaicism in patients. JCI insight 2019. link 64 Dave VP, Susaimanickam PJ, Mir IA, Mariappan I, Basu S, Reddy BG et al.. Learning curve of a trained vitreo-retinal surgeon in sub-retinal injections in a rat model: Implications for future clinical trials. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2019. link 65 Fonollosa A, Valcarcel M, Salado C, Pereiro X, Vecino E. Effect of somatostatin on human retinal pigment epithelial cells permeability. Experimental eye research 2019. link 66 Saadane A, Mast N, Trichonas G, Chakraborty D, Hammer S, Busik JV et al.. Retinal Vascular Abnormalities and Microglia Activation in Mice with Deficiency in Cytochrome P450 46A1-Mediated Cholesterol Removal. The American journal of pathology 2019. link 67 Dowling JE. A Life in Vision. Annual review of vision science 2018. link 68 Wang L, Jiang H, Grinvald A, Jayadev C, Wang J. A Mini Review of Clinical and Research Applications of the Retinal Function Imager. Current eye research 2018. link 69 Strasser T, Peters T, Jägle H, Zrenner E. ElVisML: an open data format for the exchange and storage of electrophysiological data in ophthalmology. Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology 2018. link 70 Cho GY, Schaefer KA, Bassuk AG, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. CRISPR GENOME SURGERY IN THE RETINA IN LIGHT OF OFF-TARGETING. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2018. link 71 Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Vaz-Pereira S, Neves A, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. Vascular endothelial growth factors and placenta growth factor in retinal vasculopathies: Current research and future perspectives. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 2018. link 72 Grifantini K. Aiding the Eye, Watching the Brain: James Weiland, IEEE Fellow, explores the unique challenges of retinal prostheses. IEEE pulse 2017. link 73 Baxter K. Clinical uses of autofluorescence in ophthalmology. Journal of visual communication in medicine 2017. link 74 Levin LA, Miller JW, Zack DJ, Friedlander M, Smith LEH. Special Commentary: Early Clinical Development of Cell Replacement Therapy: Considerations for the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative. Ophthalmology 2017. link 75 Singh A, Dutta MK. Imperceptible watermarking for security of fundus images in tele-ophthalmology applications and computer-aided diagnosis of retina diseases. International journal of medical informatics 2017. link 76 Cheng DL, Greenberg PB, Borton DA. Advances in Retinal Prosthetic Research: A Systematic Review of Engineering and Clinical Characteristics of Current Prosthetic Initiatives. Current eye research 2017. link 77 Davison N, Payne K, Eden M, McAllister M, Roberts SA, Ingram S et al.. Exploring the feasibility of delivering standardized genomic care using ophthalmology as an example. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2017. link 78 Grace SF, Lam BL, Feuer WJ, Osigian CJ, Cavuoto KM, Capo H. Nonsedated handheld electroretinogram as a screening test of retinal dysfunction in pediatric patients with nystagmus. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2017. link 79 Wecker T, Ehlken C, Bühler A, Lange C, Agostini H, Böhringer D et al.. Five-year visual acuity outcomes and injection patterns in patients with pro-re-nata treatments for AMD, DME, RVO and myopic CNV. The British journal of ophthalmology 2017. link 80 Morales S, Engan K, Naranjo V, Colomer A. Retinal Disease Screening Through Local Binary Patterns. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 2017. link 81 Battaglia Parodi M, La Spina C, Corradetti G, Berchicci L, Petruzzi G, Bandello F. Retinal Hereditary and Degenerative/Dystrophic Diseases (Non-Age-Related Macular Degeneration). Developments in ophthalmology 2016. link 82 Amissah-Arthur KN. Challenges with starting vitreoretinal services in the developing world. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH 2016. link 83 Sciezynska A, Ozieblo D, Oldak M. Experimenal studies On cell and gene therapies for retinal dystrophies with a particular focus On ABCA4 retinopathies. Klinika oczna 2016. link 84 Ludwig CA, Callaway NF, Park JH, Leng T. Mobile Health in the Retinal Clinic Population: Access to and Interest in Self-Tracking. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2016. link 85 Thapa R, Bajimaya S, Bouman R, Paudyal G, Khanal S, Tan S et al.. Intra- and inter-rater agreement between an ophthalmologist and mid-level ophthalmic personnel to diagnose retinal diseases based on fundus photographs at a primary eye center in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study. BMC ophthalmology 2016. link 86 Panwar N, Huang P, Lee J, Keane PA, Chuan TS, Richhariya A et al.. Fundus Photography in the 21st Century--A Review of Recent Technological Advances and Their Implications for Worldwide Healthcare. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 2016. link 87 Danesh-Meyer HV, Zhang J, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID, Green CR. Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Progress in retinal and eye research 2016. link 88 Gattani VS, Vupparaboina KK, Patil A, Chhablani J, Richhariya A, Jana S. Semi-automated quantification of retinal IS/OS damage in en-face OCT image. Computers in biology and medicine 2016. link 89 Sharma A, Subramaniam SD, Ramachandran KI, Lakshmikanthan C, Krishna S, Sundaramoorthy SK. Smartphone-based fundus camera device (MII Ret Cam) and technique with ability to image peripheral retina. European journal of ophthalmology 2016. link 90 Berkowitz BA, Bissig D, Roberts R. MRI of rod cell compartment-specific function in disease and treatment in vivo. Progress in retinal and eye research 2016. link 91 Min Zhang, Sekiguchi H, Uji A, Yakami M, Togashi K. Reducing the artifacts in the identification of outer retinal boundary in the SD-OCT image with inherit retinal dystrophies. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2015. link 92 Lee K, Berg JS, Milko L, Crooks K, Lu M, Bizon C et al.. High Diagnostic Yield of Whole Exome Sequencing in Participants With Retinal Dystrophies in a Clinical Ophthalmology Setting. American journal of ophthalmology 2015. link 93 Shah SU, Koenig MJ, Dacquay Y, Mozayan A, Hubschman JP. Assessment of the risk of needlestick injuries associated with intravitreal injections. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2014. link 94 Chao DL, Gregori NZ, Khandji J, Goldhardt R. Safety of bilateral intravitreal injections delivered in a teaching institution. Expert opinion on drug delivery 2014. link 95 Micieli JA, Micieli A, Schlenker MB, Kertes PJ. Growth of medical and surgical vitreoretinal subspecialization in Ontario over 12 years. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2014. link 96 Pitkänen L, Tommila P, Kaarniranta K, Jääskeläinen JE, Kinnunen K. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms. Acta ophthalmologica 2014. link 97 Li X, Kang Q, Gao S, Wei T, Liu Y, Chen X et al.. Transplantation with retinal progenitor cells repairs visual function in rats with retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neuroscience letters 2014. link 98 Speilburg AM, Klemencic SA. Ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm: diagnosis and management. Journal of optometry 2014. link 99 Bakri SJ, Alniemi ST, Chan RV. Experiences of vitreoretinal surgery fellows in the United States. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2013. link 100 Schönfeld CL, Kollmann M, Nyaga P, Onyango O, Klauss V, Kampik A. 11 Years of experience in vitreoretinal surgery training in Nairobi, Kenya, from 2000 to 2010. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2013. link

Original source

[1]
Trends in supply and demand of vitreoretinal fellowship positions in the United States. — Strong Caldwell A, Watane A, Bommakanti N Current opinion in ophthalmology (2026)
[2]
Performance of generative large language models in answering questions from the Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society certification exam. — Faneli AC, Oliveira RDC, Nakayama LF, Torres RA, Muccioli C, Regatieri CVS Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia (2026)
[3]
Litigation Involving Intravitreal Injections in Ophthalmology: A Review of Legal Claims and Outcomes. — Bantounou MA, Starr MR Ophthalmology. Retina (2026)
[4]
Intravitreal injection delivered volume under different environmental and training conditions. — Dos Santos ML, Santos LA, Cardoso AL, Agra LLM, Coelho JAPM, Melo GB Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie (2026)
[5]
Assessment of distributions and gender difference in adverse events related to faricimab: a real-world study based on FDA adverse event reporting system. — Li L, Ge Z, Dai Y Expert opinion on drug safety (2026)
[6]
Carbon Monoxide Therapy: Evidence and Prospects for Preventing and Treating Retinal Diseases. — Land MR, Koepsell M, Nussbaum N, Gomperts E, Gomperts A, Thounaojam MC et al. Biomolecules (2026)
[7]
Factors influencing ophthalmology trainees' decision to pursue vitreoretinal surgery fellowship in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. — AlJohani S, Khathami AA, Shehri AA BMC ophthalmology (2025)
[8]
Augmented and virtual reality in retinal care: A systematic review of their role in training, surgery, and treatment. — Erdag M, Citirik M, Dal A Survey of ophthalmology (2025)
[9]
Concept-Based Lesion Aware Transformer for Interpretable Retinal Disease Diagnosis. — Wen C, Ye M, Li H, Chen T, Xiao X IEEE transactions on medical imaging (2025)
[10]
The march to harmonized imaging standards for retinal imaging. — Gim N, Ferguson AN, Blazes M, Lee CS, Lee AY Progress in retinal and eye research (2025)
[11]
Optimizing Early Ophthalmology Clinical Trials: Home OCT and Modeling Can Reduce Sample Size by 20% to 40. — Hermes J, Steiert B Translational vision science & technology (2025)
[12]
Learning Curve in Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Diagnostic Endoscopy: Implications for Budding Enthusiasts and Fellows-In-Training. — Dave VP, Natarajan R, Pappuru RR Seminars in ophthalmology (2025)
[13]
Towards a FHIR Specification for Research in Ophthalmology: Designing the EyeMatics Core Data Set for Multi-Centric Data Integration. — Oehm JB, Fuhrmann L, Hoffmann K, Schröder D, Weich C, Poschkamp B et al. Studies in health technology and informatics (2025)
[14]
Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology and Portuguese Society of Human Genetics Joint Clinical Practice Guidelines for Genetic Testing in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. — Marques JP, Soares CA, Carvalho AL, Estrela-Silva S, Santos LC, Ramos L et al. Clinical genetics (2025)
[15]
Performance of ChatGPT in French language analysis of multimodal retinal cases. — Mikhail D, Mihalache A, Huang RS, Khairy T, Popovic MM, Milad D et al. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie (2025)
[16]
Tele-ophthalmology-enabled and artificial intelligence-ready referral pathway for community optometry referrals of retinal disease: HERMES cluster randomised trial with a diagnostic accuracy study. — Sharma A, Hussain R, Learoyd AE, Aristidou A, Soomro T, Blandford A et al. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) (2025)
[17]
Increased Risk of Retinal Vasculitis May Be Associated with Aflibercept 8 mg: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the FAERS Database. — Nowroozzadeh MH, Hajipourkhorasani M Ocular immunology and inflammation (2025)
[18]
Advances in nanomedicine for retinal drug delivery: overcoming barriers and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. — Panda P, Mohanty S, Gouda SR, Mohapatra R Journal of drug targeting (2025)
[19]
Multimodal artificial intelligence in retinal vascular and neovascular macular diseases: a systematic review of diagnostic and prognostic applications. — Khathami AA, Baklola M, Alalyani MA, Aljuaid AT, Alsaeed R, Ghramah AA et al. BMC ophthalmology (2025)
[20]
SUPRACHOROIDAL SPACE INJECTION TECHNIQUE: Expert Panel Guidance. — Wykoff CC, Avery RL, Barakat MR, Boyer DS, Brown DM, Brucker AJ et al. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2024)
[21]
Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Faricimab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, and Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Meta-Analysis. — Nichani PAH, Popovic MM, Mihalache A, Pathak A, Muni RH, Wong DTW et al. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde (2024)
[22]
A new population for primary prevention of retinal diseases; a step toward improved global eye health beyond diabetes and prediabetes. — Ebrahimi M, Sivaprasad S Eye (London, England) (2024)
[23]
Autoantibodies Against Bestrophin in Non-Paraneoplastic Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy. — Pan WW, Tracey BM, Jayasundera KT, Fahim AT Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2024)
[24]
Evaluating smartphone fundoscopy as a pedagogical tool in medical education: a narrative review. — Kherani IZ, Kritzinger J, Micieli JA, Wong JCY Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie (2024)
[25]
Ten tips to master ultrasound B-scan of the posterior segment of the eye. — Mohan S, Mohankumar A, Mohan M, Karunanidhi R, Rao VP, Rajan M Indian journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[26]
Diagnostic decisions of specialist optometrists exposed to ambiguous deep-learning outputs. — Carmichael J, Costanza E, Blandford A, Struyven R, Keane PA, Balaskas K Scientific reports (2024)
[27]
Deep-learning segmentation method for optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology. — Ma F, Li S, Wang S, Guo Y, Wu F, Meng J et al. Journal of biophotonics (2024)
[28]
Using artificial intelligence to improve human performance: efficient retinal disease detection training with synthetic images. — Tabuchi H, Engelmann J, Maeda F, Nishikawa R, Nagasawa T, Yamauchi T et al. The British journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[29]
Congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium: 4 cases with multimodal imaging. — Naseripour M, Hemmati S, Aghili SS, Gordiz A, Enayatollahi S, Daem M et al. Ophthalmic genetics (2024)
[30]
The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. — Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A et al. Progress in retinal and eye research (2024)
[31]
Use of physician extenders in ophthalmology: pros. — Ehlers JP, Baraona J Current opinion in ophthalmology (2023)
[32]
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