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Cardiology459 papers

Flail chest

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Flail chest is a traumatic injury characterized by multiple rib fractures that result in paradoxical chest wall motion, often complicating respiratory function and potentially leading to respiratory failure and increased morbidity 66 68.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Presence of paradoxical chest wall movement, respiratory distress, and pain 66.

Imaging: Chest X-ray is typically the initial imaging modality to identify fractures and flail segment 66.

CT Scan: Provides detailed visualization of fractures and associated injuries 66.

Laboratory Tests: Not specific but may show signs of systemic inflammation or complications 66.

Management

Respiratory Support: Mechanical ventilation may be required for severe cases 66.

Pain Management: Analgesics such as opioids for pain control 7.

Surgical Fixation: Operative fixation of fractures can improve respiratory function and reduce analgesia needs 7.

Monitoring: Close monitoring for complications like pneumonia, atelectasis, and respiratory failure 66.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Management focuses on minimizing pain and ensuring adequate ventilation; surgical fixation may be considered for severe cases 35.

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; tailored respiratory support and pain management are crucial 66.

Comorbidities: Presence of pre-existing respiratory conditions may necessitate more aggressive respiratory support 66.

Key Recommendations

Imaging for Diagnosis: Utilize chest X-ray initially, followed by CT scan for detailed assessment of fractures and associated injuries (Evidence: Moderate 66).

Respiratory Support: Provide mechanical ventilation for patients with severe respiratory compromise (Evidence: Moderate 66).

Surgical Fixation: Consider operative fixation of fractures in patients with significant flail segments to improve respiratory function and reduce analgesia requirements (Evidence: Moderate 7).

Pain Control: Implement aggressive pain management strategies using opioids to facilitate breathing and patient comfort (Evidence: Expert opinion 7).

Close Monitoring: Monitor for and manage complications such as pneumonia and respiratory failure (Evidence: Moderate 66).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 235 indexed papers.

1 Bradley CP, McKinley G, Orchard V, Tiller C, Stanley B, Ang D et al.. Endotyping-informed therapy for patients with chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease: a randomized trial. Nature medicine 2026. link 2 Jia F, Wang M, Lv Q, Li D, Jiang H, Fu G et al.. Application of the BOPPPS-CBL model in emergency chest pain management teaching for resident physicians: a randomized comparison. BMC medical education 2025. link 3 Alkan F, Sapmaz SY, Kardelen C, Bircan O, Bilac O, Kandemir H et al.. Should pediatric cardiologists refer all patients with unexplained chest pain to a psychiatrist?. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 4 LoMonaco J, Klemisch RJ, Ilgen JS, Sobba B, Badulak J, Varghese TK et al.. A Multidisciplinary Curriculum to Standardize Chest Procedures Training for Trainees in General Surgery, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2024. link 5 Mumtaz ZU, Desai SR, Padley SPG. Frequency of extracardiac findings on "negative" CT coronary angiography studies. Clinical radiology 2024. link 6 Imhof S, Hochadel M, Konstantinides S, Voigtländer T, Schmitt C, Nowak B et al.. Cardiac, possible cardiac, and likely non-cardiac origin of chest pain : A hitherto underestimated parameter in German chest pain units. Herz 2024. link 7 Franco H, Williamson F, Manzanero S, Schuetz M. Clavicle fixation to reduce short-term analgesia and improve respiratory function in patients with chest wall injuries. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2023. link 8 Pompa AG, Arora G, Harris TH. Effect of treadmill exercise stress testing on troponin levels in children and adolescents. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 9 Cutugno C. Assessing Chest Pain. The American journal of nursing 2022. link 10 Weiting H, Karthik G, Chua T, Graves N. Is a novel diagnostic pathway for cardiology outpatient clinics in Singapore lower cost than existing practice: a cost modelling study. BMJ open 2022. link 11 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al.. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography 2022. link 12 Singh A, Starr-Seal RL, Caperell KS, Warkentine FH, Neal AE. The Impact of Bedside Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound on the Utilization of Cardiology Subspecialty Resources in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatric emergency care 2022. link 13 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al.. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021. link 14 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al.. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021. link 15 Harahsheh AS, Hamburger EK, Saleh L, Crawford LM, Sepe E, Dubelman A et al.. Promoting Judicious Primary Care Referral of Patients with Chest Pain to Cardiology: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making 2021. link 16 Ashburn NP, Smith ZP, Hunter KJ, Hendley NW, Mahler SA, Hiestand BC et al.. The disutility of stress testing in low-risk HEART Pathway patients. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 17 Chan TM, Mercuri M, Turcotte M, Gardiner E, Sherbino J, de Wit K. Making Decisions in the Era of the Clinical Decision Rule: How Emergency Physicians Use Clinical Decision Rules. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2020. link 18 Gesuete V, Fregolent D, Contorno S, Tamaro G, Barbi E, Cozzi G. Follow-up study of patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department for chest pain. European journal of pediatrics 2020. link 19 Kite TA, Gaunt H, Banning AS, Roberts E, Kovac J, Hudson I et al.. Clinical outcomes of patients discharged from the Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic with non-anginal chest pain: A retrospective cohort study. International journal of cardiology 2020. link 20 Mukhopadhyay A, D'Angelo R, Senser E, Whelan K, Wee CC, Mukamal KJ. Racial and insurance disparities among patients presenting with chest pain in the US: 2009-2015. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 21 Lam JH, Quah JX, Davies T, Boos CJ, Nel K, Anstey CM et al.. Relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with chest pain and unobstructed coronary arteries. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2020. link 22 Editors T. Accomplishments, engagements and new challenges for the Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2019. link 23 Crawford SB, Huque YI, Austin DE, Monks SM. Development and Review of the Chest Tube High-Feedback Educational Simulation Trainer (CHEST). Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2019. link 24 Young TP, Schaefer MD, Kuntz HM, Estes MK, Kiemeney M, Wolk BJ et al.. Yogaman: An Inexpensive, Anatomically-detailed Chest Tube Placement Trainer. The western journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 25 Krishnan S, Venn R, Blumenthal DM, Bhambhani V, Gewirtz H, Weiner RB et al.. Utilization of stress testing for low-risk patients with chest discomfort in the emergency department. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2019. link 26 Buhumaid RE, St-Cyr Bourque J, Shokoohi H, Ma IWY, Longacre M, Liteplo AS. Integrating point-of-care ultrasound in the ED evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath. The American journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 27 Rivero D, Alhamaydeh M, Faramand Z, Alrawashdeh M, Martin-Gill C, Callaway C et al.. Nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities are associated with increased length of stay and adverse cardiac outcomes in prehospital chest pain. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2019. link 28 Mohamed AS, Sawe HR, Muhanuzi B, Marombwa NR, Mjema K, Weber EJ. Non-traumatic chest pain in patients presenting to an urban emergency Department in sub Saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study in Tanzania. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2019. link 29 . You're the Flight Surgeon. Aerospace medicine and human performance 2018. link 30 Kashef MA, Garb J, Kugelmass A, Lotfi A. Implementation of an Early Discharge Protocol and Chest Pain Clinic for Low-Risk Chest Pain in the Emergency Department. Critical pathways in cardiology 2018. link 31 Colony MD, Edwards F, Kellogg D. Ultrasound assisted evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 32 Sakamoto JT, Liu N, Koh ZX, Guo D, Heldeweg MLA, Ji Ng JC et al.. Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Patients Who Have Bradycardia Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain. The Journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 33 Sakamoto JT, Liu N, Koh ZX, Guo D, Heldeweg MLA, Ng JCJ et al.. Integrating heart rate variability, vital signs, electrocardiogram, and troponin to triage chest pain patients in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 34 Yu C, Sheriff J, Ng A, Brazete S, Gullick J, Brieger D et al.. A Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic (RACPC): Initial Australian Experience. Heart, lung & circulation 2018. link 35 Harahsheh AS, O'Byrne ML, Pastor B, Graham DA, Fulton DR. Pediatric Chest Pain-Low-Probability Referral: A Multi-Institutional Analysis From Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plans (SCAMPs®), the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Clinical pediatrics 2017. link 36 Lu JC, Bansal M, Behera SK, Boris JR, Cardis B, Hokanson JS et al.. Development of quality metrics for ambulatory pediatric cardiology: Chest pain. Congenital heart disease 2017. link 37 Madsen T, Smyres C, Wood T, Moores T, Fuller M, Davis V et al.. Cardiology consultation reduces provocative testing rates in an ED observation unit. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 38 Riley RF, Miller CD, Russell GB, Harper EN, Hiestand BC, Hoekstra JW et al.. Cost analysis of the History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, and initial Troponin (HEART) Pathway randomized control trial. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 39 April MD, Murray BP. Cost-effectiveness Analysis Appraisal and Application: An Emergency Medicine Perspective. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2017. link 40 Wu WK, Yiadom MY, Collins SP, Self WH, Monahan K. Documentation of HEART score discordance between emergency physician and cardiologist evaluations of ED patients with chest pain. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 41 Weinstock MB, Mattu A, Hess EP. How Do We Balance the Long-Term Health of a Patient With the Short-Term Risk to the Physician?. The Journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 42 Moran B, Bryan S, Farrar T, Salud C, Visser G, Decuba R et al.. Diagnostic Evaluation of Nontraumatic Chest Pain in Athletes. Current sports medicine reports 2017. link 43 Carlsson AC, Bandstein N, Roos A, Hammarsten O, Holzmann MJ. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels in the emergency department in patients with chest pain but no myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 44 de la Mora Cervantes R, Dennie C. Triple rule-out cardiac computed tomography: is it finally a reality?. Minerva cardioangiologica 2017. link 45 Tomos I, Karakatsani A, Manali ED, Papiris SA. Celebrating Two Centuries since the Invention of the Stethoscope. René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826). Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2016. link 46 Bandstein N, Ljung R, Holzmann MJ. Risk of revisits to the emergency department in admitted versus discharged patients with chest pain but without myocardial infarction in relation to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels. International journal of cardiology 2016. link 47 Hollander JE, Gatsonis C, Greco EM, Snyder BS, Chang AM, Miller CD et al.. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Versus Traditional Care: Comparison of One-Year Outcomes and Resource Use. Annals of emergency medicine 2016. link 48 Tatekoshi Y, Yuda S, Ogasawara M, Muranaka A, Kokubu N, Hase M et al.. Successful diagnosis of pericardial rupture caused by blunt chest trauma using contrast ultrasonography. Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) 2016. link 49 Post F, Gori T, Giannitsis E, Darius H, Baldus S, Hamm C et al.. Criteria of the German Society of Cardiology for the establishment of chest pain units: update 2014. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2015. link 50 Wong MK, Wang JT, Czarnecki A, Koh M, Tu JV, Schull MJ et al.. Factors associated with physician follow-up among patients with chest pain discharged from the emergency department. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 2015. link 51 de Lesquen H, Avaro JP, Gust L, Ford RM, Beranger F, Natale C et al.. Surgical management for the first 48 h following blunt chest trauma: state of the art (excluding vascular injuries). Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2015. link 52 Czarnecki A, Wang JT, Tu JV, Lee DS, Schull MJ, Lau C et al.. The role of primary care physician and cardiologist follow-up for low-risk patients with chest pain after emergency department assessment. American heart journal 2014. link 53 Baw B, Chan T, Upadhye S. Clinical education guideline creation by residents for junior learners in emergency medicine: a novel educational experience. CJEM 2014. link 54 Funaki S, Inoue M, Minami M, Okumura M. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of fractured ribs to prevent descending aorta injury in patient with chest trauma. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2014. link 55 Duvall WL, Savino JA, Levine EJ, Baber U, Lin JT, Einstein AJ et al.. A comparison of coronary CTA and stress testing using high-efficiency SPECT MPI for the evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2014. link 56 le Roex R. So many years ago. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2013. link 57 Paoloni R, Ibuowo R. A cohort study of chest pain patients discharged from the emergency department for early outpatient treadmill exercise stress testing. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2013. link 58 Vecellio E, Georgiou A, Toouli G, Eigenstetter A, Li L, Wilson R et al.. Examination of changes in pathology tests ordered by Diagnosis-Related Group (DRGs) following CPOE introduction. Studies in health technology and informatics 2013. link 59 Chakkalakal RJ, Higgins SM, Bernstein LB, Lundberg KL, Wu V, Green J et al.. Does patient gender impact resident physicians' approach to the cardiac exam?. Journal of general internal medicine 2013. link 60 Ibrahim M, Maselli DJ, Hasan R, Hamilton A. Safety of β-blockers in the acute management of cocaine-associated chest pain. The American journal of emergency medicine 2013. link 61 Groarke J, O'Brien J, Go G, Susanto M, Owens P, Maree AO. Cost burden of non-specific chest pain admissions. Irish journal of medical science 2013. link 62 Perry T, Zha H, Oster ME, Frias PA, Braunstein M. Utility of a clinical support tool for outpatient evaluation of pediatric chest pain. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2012. link 63 Gruettner J, Henzler T, Sueselbeck T, Fink C, Borggrefe M, Walter T. Clinical assessment of chest pain and guidelines for imaging. European journal of radiology 2012. link 64 Mommsen P, Zeckey C, Andruszkow H, Weidemann J, Frömke C, Puljic P et al.. Comparison of different thoracic trauma scoring systems in regards to prediction of post-traumatic complications and outcome in blunt chest trauma. The Journal of surgical research 2012. link 65 Fabbri A, Ottani F, Marchesini G, Galvani M, Vandelli A. Predicting unfavorable outcome in subjects with diagnosis of chest pain of undifferentiated origin. The American journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 66 Fass R, Achem SR. Noncardiac chest pain: diagnostic evaluation. Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2012. link 67 Kienzl D, Prosch H, Töpker M, Herold C. Imaging of non-cardiac, non-traumatic causes of acute chest pain. European journal of radiology 2012. link 68 Sequist TD, Morong SM, Marston A, Keohane CA, Cook EF, Orav EJ et al.. Electronic risk alerts to improve primary care management of chest pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of general internal medicine 2012. link 69 Becker HC, Johnson T. Cardiac CT for the assessment of chest pain: imaging techniques and clinical results. European journal of radiology 2012. link 70 Hwang HJ, Youn HJ, Lee MY, Park CS, Choi YS, Chung WB et al.. Change of coronary flow velocity during the cold pressor test is related to endothelial markers in subjects with chest pain and a normal coronary angiogram. Clinical cardiology 2012. link 71 Hartlage G, Janik M, Anadiotis A, Veledar E, Oshinski J, Kremastinos D et al.. Prognostic value of adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance and dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with low-risk chest pain. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2012. link 72 Hess EP, Nestler DM. Transforming the emergency department observation unit: a look into the future. Cardiology clinics 2012. link 73 Villamañán E, Herrero A, Sala RA. The assisted electronic prescription in patients hospitalised in a chest diseases ward. Archivos de bronconeumologia 2011. link 74 Collin MJ, Weisenthal B, Walsh KM, McCusker CM, Shofer FS, Hollander JE. Young patients with chest pain: 1-year outcomes. The American journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 75 Jonsbu E, Dammen T, Morken G, Moum T, Martinsen EW. Short-term cognitive behavioral therapy for non-cardiac chest pain and benign palpitations: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of psychosomatic research 2011. link 76 Zwischenberger BA, Moore BJ, Luber SD, Dallo FJ. Etiology of uncompleted exercise stress testing after ED chest pain evaluation. The American journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 77 Eken C, Oktay C, Bacanli A, Gulen B, Koparan C, Ugras SS et al.. Anxiety and depressive disorders in patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department: a comparison between cardiac and non-cardiac origin. The Journal of emergency medicine 2010. link 78 Brown TB, Cofield SS, Iyer A, Lai R, Milteer H, Queen B et al.. Assessment of risk tolerance for adverse events in emergency department chest pain patients: a pilot study. The Journal of emergency medicine 2010. link 79 Sade LE, Eroglu S, Bozbaş H, Ozbiçer S, Hayran M, Haberal A et al.. Relation between epicardial fat thickness and coronary flow reserve in women with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis 2009. link 80 Durand E, Delos A, Chaib A, Lepillier A, Beretti S, Collin M et al.. Performance assessment of a chest pain unit: Preliminary 2-year experience in the European Georges Pompidou Hospital. Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2009. link 81 Cunningham R, Walton MA, Weber JE, O'Broin S, Tripathi SP, Maio RF et al.. One-year medical outcomes and emergency department recidivism after emergency department observation for cocaine-associated chest pain. Annals of emergency medicine 2009. link 82 Madsen TE, Bledsoe J, Bossart P. Appropriately screened geriatric chest pain patients in an observation unit are not admitted at a higher rate than nongeriatric patients. Critical pathways in cardiology 2008. link 83 Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, Becker A, Leber AW, Rist C, Wintersperger BJ et al.. Dual-source CT for chest pain assessment. European radiology 2008. link 84 Salah A, Moliterno DJ, Humphries R, Syed MA. Role of cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of acute chest pain in the emergency department. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2008. link 85 Bull Bringager C, Arnesen H, Friis S, Husebye T, Dammen T. A long-term follow-up study of chest pain patients: effect of panic disorder on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Cardiology 2008. link 86 McGillicuddy D, Rosen P. Diagnostic dilemmas and current controversies in blunt chest trauma. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2007. link 87 Smolle J, Prause G, Smolle-Jüttner FM. Emergency treatment of chest trauma--an e-learning simulation model for undergraduate medical students. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2007. link 88 Limkakeng AT, Halpern E, Takakuwa KM. Sixty-four-slice multidetector computed tomography: the future of ED cardiac care. The American journal of emergency medicine 2007. link 89 Diercks DB, Kirk JD, Turnipseed SD, Amsterdam EA. Evaluation of patients with methamphetamine- and cocaine-related chest pain in a chest pain observation unit. Critical pathways in cardiology 2007. link 90 Connolly SB, Collier T, Khugputh R, Tataree D, Kyereme K, Merritt S et al.. Brain natriuretic peptide testing for angina in a rapid-access chest pain clinic. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 2007. link 91 Corral E, Silva J, Suárez RM, Nuñez J, Cuesta C. A successful emergency thoracotomy performed in the field. Resuscitation 2007. link 92 Nezu AM, Nezu CM, Jain D, Xanthopoulos MS, Cos TA, Friedman J et al.. Social problem solving and noncardiac chest pain. Psychosomatic medicine 2007. link 93 White CS, Kuo D. Chest pain in the emergency department: role of multidetector CT. Radiology 2007. link 94 Eken C, Goksu E, Eray O, Yalcinkaya S. The consistency of emergency physicians' and cardiologists' ECG interpretation and likelihood classification of chest pain patients. International journal of clinical practice 2006. link 95 Sejersten M, Pahlm O, Pettersson J, Zhou S, Maynard C, Feldman CL et al.. Comparison of EASI-derived 12-lead electrocardiograms versus paramedic-acquired 12-lead electrocardiograms using Mason-Likar limb lead configuration in patients with chest pain. Journal of electrocardiology 2006. link 96 Wong WM, Risner-Adler S, Beeler J, Habib S, Bautista J, Goldman S et al.. Noncardiac chest pain: the role of the cardiologist--a national survey. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2005. link 97 Nagurney JT, Brown DF, Sane S, Weiner JB, Wang AC, Chang Y. The accuracy and completeness of data collected by prospective and retrospective methods. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2005. link 98 Havlícek K, Motycka V, Siller J, Cervinka V. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in serious chest injuries: is a pharmacological blockade effective?. 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Original source

[1]
Endotyping-informed therapy for patients with chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease: a randomized trial. — Bradley CP, McKinley G, Orchard V, Tiller C, Stanley B, Ang D et al. Nature medicine (2026)
[2]
Application of the BOPPPS-CBL model in emergency chest pain management teaching for resident physicians: a randomized comparison. — Jia F, Wang M, Lv Q, Li D, Jiang H, Fu G et al. BMC medical education (2025)
[3]
Should pediatric cardiologists refer all patients with unexplained chest pain to a psychiatrist? — Alkan F, Sapmaz SY, Kardelen C, Bircan O, Bilac O, Kandemir H et al. Cardiology in the young (2024)
[4]
A Multidisciplinary Curriculum to Standardize Chest Procedures Training for Trainees in General Surgery, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care. — LoMonaco J, Klemisch RJ, Ilgen JS, Sobba B, Badulak J, Varghese TK et al. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources (2024)
[5]
Frequency of extracardiac findings on "negative" CT coronary angiography studies. — Mumtaz ZU, Desai SR, Padley SPG Clinical radiology (2024)
[6]
Cardiac, possible cardiac, and likely non-cardiac origin of chest pain : A hitherto underestimated parameter in German chest pain units. — Imhof S, Hochadel M, Konstantinides S, Voigtländer T, Schmitt C, Nowak B et al. Herz (2024)
[7]
Clavicle fixation to reduce short-term analgesia and improve respiratory function in patients with chest wall injuries. — Franco H, Williamson F, Manzanero S, Schuetz M Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery (2023)
[8]
Effect of treadmill exercise stress testing on troponin levels in children and adolescents. — Pompa AG, Arora G, Harris TH Cardiology in the young (2023)
[9]
Assessing Chest Pain. — Cutugno C The American journal of nursing (2022)
[10]
Is a novel diagnostic pathway for cardiology outpatient clinics in Singapore lower cost than existing practice: a cost modelling study. — Weiting H, Karthik G, Chua T, Graves N BMJ open (2022)
[11]
2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography (2022)
[12]
The Impact of Bedside Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound on the Utilization of Cardiology Subspecialty Resources in a Pediatric Emergency Department. — Singh A, Starr-Seal RL, Caperell KS, Warkentine FH, Neal AE Pediatric emergency care (2022)
[13]
2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
[14]
2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
[15]
Promoting Judicious Primary Care Referral of Patients with Chest Pain to Cardiology: A Quality Improvement Initiative. — Harahsheh AS, Hamburger EK, Saleh L, Crawford LM, Sepe E, Dubelman A et al. Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making (2021)
[16]
The disutility of stress testing in low-risk HEART Pathway patients. — Ashburn NP, Smith ZP, Hunter KJ, Hendley NW, Mahler SA, Hiestand BC et al. The American journal of emergency medicine (2021)
[17]
Making Decisions in the Era of the Clinical Decision Rule: How Emergency Physicians Use Clinical Decision Rules. — Chan TM, Mercuri M, Turcotte M, Gardiner E, Sherbino J, de Wit K Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges (2020)
[18]
Follow-up study of patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department for chest pain. — Gesuete V, Fregolent D, Contorno S, Tamaro G, Barbi E, Cozzi G European journal of pediatrics (2020)
[19]
Clinical outcomes of patients discharged from the Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic with non-anginal chest pain: A retrospective cohort study. — Kite TA, Gaunt H, Banning AS, Roberts E, Kovac J, Hudson I et al. International journal of cardiology (2020)
[20]
Racial and insurance disparities among patients presenting with chest pain in the US: 2009-2015. — Mukhopadhyay A, D'Angelo R, Senser E, Whelan K, Wee CC, Mukamal KJ The American journal of emergency medicine (2020)
[21]
Relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with chest pain and unobstructed coronary arteries. — Lam JH, Quah JX, Davies T, Boos CJ, Nel K, Anstey CM et al. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2020)
[22]
Accomplishments, engagements and new challenges for the Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. — Editors T Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace (2019)
[23]
Development and Review of the Chest Tube High-Feedback Educational Simulation Trainer (CHEST). — Crawford SB, Huque YI, Austin DE, Monks SM Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare (2019)
[24]
Yogaman: An Inexpensive, Anatomically-detailed Chest Tube Placement Trainer. — Young TP, Schaefer MD, Kuntz HM, Estes MK, Kiemeney M, Wolk BJ et al. The western journal of emergency medicine (2019)
[25]
Utilization of stress testing for low-risk patients with chest discomfort in the emergency department. — Krishnan S, Venn R, Blumenthal DM, Bhambhani V, Gewirtz H, Weiner RB et al. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2019)
[26]
Integrating point-of-care ultrasound in the ED evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath. — Buhumaid RE, St-Cyr Bourque J, Shokoohi H, Ma IWY, Longacre M, Liteplo AS The American journal of emergency medicine (2019)
[27]
Nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities are associated with increased length of stay and adverse cardiac outcomes in prehospital chest pain. — Rivero D, Alhamaydeh M, Faramand Z, Alrawashdeh M, Martin-Gill C, Callaway C et al. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2019)
[28]
Non-traumatic chest pain in patients presenting to an urban emergency Department in sub Saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study in Tanzania. — Mohamed AS, Sawe HR, Muhanuzi B, Marombwa NR, Mjema K, Weber EJ BMC cardiovascular disorders (2019)
[29]
You're the Flight Surgeon. Aerospace medicine and human performance (2018)
[30]
Implementation of an Early Discharge Protocol and Chest Pain Clinic for Low-Risk Chest Pain in the Emergency Department. — Kashef MA, Garb J, Kugelmass A, Lotfi A Critical pathways in cardiology (2018)
[31]
Ultrasound assisted evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department. — Colony MD, Edwards F, Kellogg D The American journal of emergency medicine (2018)
[32]
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