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Infectious Disease87 papers

Human immunodeficiency virus II infection

Last edited: 4/10/2026

Overview

Human immunodeficiency virus type II (HIV-II) is a distinct lentivirus that causes a chronic, progressive infection. It is genetically distinct from HIV-1 and is primarily found in West Africa.

Diagnosis

  • No specific diagnostic criteria or recommended tests were mentioned in the provided abstracts.
  • Management

  • Low-level viraemia (LLV) following antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLWH) has a pooled prevalence of 13.81% 1.
  • Risk factors for LLV include a viral load (VL) $\ge$ 10 1.
  • The association between LLV and virological failure (VF) was investigated 1.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Low-level viraemia (LLV) following antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLWH) has a pooled prevalence of 13.81% 1. (Evidence: Moderate)
  • Risk factors for LLV include viral load (VL) $\ge$ 10 1. (Evidence: Moderate)
  • References

    1 Zhao S, Wang W, Li S, He J, Duan W, Fang Z et al.. The prevalence of low-level viraemia and its association with virological failure in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerging microbes & infections 2025. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
    2. [2]
      Prevalence and risk factors for HTLV-II infection in 913 injecting drug users in Stockholm, 1994.Krook A, Albert J, Andersson S, Biberfeld G, Blomberg J, Eklund I et al. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association (1997)

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