Overview
Ocular dysmetria refers to the inaccurate placement of ocular motor actions, often observed in conditions like myopia where there can be associated visual and motor coordination issues impacting eye movement precision and accuracy 231235.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 117 indexed papers.
1 Chung ME, Manche EE. Prospective study analyzing wavefront-guided LASIK and PRK surgery performed by cornea fellows in training. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2026. link 2 Li DL, Yu ST, Zhang LJ, Zhang XF, Pan CW. Bidirectional Relationship Between Myopia and Mental Disorders. Depression and anxiety 2025. link 3 Zhang J, Yu T, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Xue W et al.. Foundation models in ophthalmology: a preliminary study on AI-assisted diagnosis of myopic maculopathy and posterior staphyloma using ultra-widefield fundus images. BMJ open ophthalmology 2025. link 4 Wan KH, Wang XY, Lai KHW, Alio JL, Ang M, Chan C et al.. Controversies, consensuses and guidelines on Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Asia-Pacific Myopia Society (APMS). Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2025. link 5 Krungkraipetch L, Krungkraipetch N, Savatsomboon G. Undergraduate ophthalmology education according to International Council of Ophthalmology guidelines: A systematic review. GMS journal for medical education 2025. link 6 Cavuoto KM, Trivedi RH, Prakalapakorn SG, Oatts JT, Nallasamy S, Morrison DG et al.. Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses for the Treatment of Myopia Progression in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2025. link 7 Muecke T, Petrash C, Petrovski G, Bacchi S, Casson R, Chan WO. A review of selection criteria for ophthalmology training in the Western world. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 8 Tahhan N, Bullimore MA, He X, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Gifford KL et al.. IMI-2025 Digest. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2025. link 9 Lai KHW, Wang XY, Wan KH, Barsam A, Barnes SD, Chiu ALS et al.. Controversies, consensuses and guidelines on posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism in healthy phakic eyes by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Asia-Pacific Myopia Society (APMS). Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2025. link 10 Tapasztó B, Flitcroft DI, Aclimandos WA, Jonas JB, De Faber JHN, Nagy ZZ et al.. Myopia management algorithm. Annexe to the article titled Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 11 Sartor L, Hunter DS, Vo ML, Samarawickrama C. Benefits and risks of orthokeratology treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International ophthalmology 2024. link 12 Liu MX, Zhu KY, Li DL, Dong XX, Liang G, Grzybowski A et al.. Corneal Biomechanical Characteristics in Myopes and Emmetropes Measured by Corvis ST: A Meta-Analysis. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 13 Xiao J, Pan X, Hou C, Wang Q. Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness after Orthokeratology in Myopic Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current eye research 2024. link 14 Chen J, Tang Y, Lin Z, Tao Z, Deng H. Effect and safety posterior scleral reinforcement on controlling myopia in children: a meta-analysis. International ophthalmology 2024. link 15 Ejzenbaum F, Schaefer TMC, Cunha C, Rossetto JD, Godinho IF, Nakanami CR et al.. Guidelines for preventing and slowing myopia progression in Brazilian children. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2024. link 16 Quiroz-Reyes MA, Quiroz-Gonzalez EA, Quiroz-Gonzalez MA, Lima-Gomez V. Novel surgical approaches for treating myopic traction maculopathy: a meta-analysis. BMC ophthalmology 2024. link 17 Di Y, Fang H, Luo Y, Li Y, Xu Y. Predicting Implantable Collamer Lens Vault Using Machine Learning Based on Various Preoperative Biometric Factors. Translational vision science & technology 2024. link 18 Sun E, Tian J, Eltemsah L, Srikumaran D, Sun G, Chow J et al.. Impact of Gender and Underrepresented in Medicine Status on Research Productivity Among Ophthalmology Residency Applicants. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 19 Tao BK, Ding J, Ing EB, Kohly RP, Langan R, Nathoo N et al.. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity of US Academic Ophthalmology Faculty and Department Chairs From 1966 to 2021. JAMA ophthalmology 2024. link 20 Cardona G, Herrera A. Gender distribution in publishing in five leading optometry journals. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2024. link 21 Zhang J, Zou H. Insights into artificial intelligence in myopia management: from a data perspective. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2024. link 22 Parvand M, Eslami M, Doughty N, Yeung SN, Kherani F. Closing the Gender Gap Among Canadian Ophthalmology Societies. Seminars in ophthalmology 2024. link 23 Lyu P, Hu J, Wang Y, Wang J, He X, Shi H. Impact of ophthalmic clinical service use in mitigating myopia onset and progression in preschool children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC ophthalmology 2024. link 24 Norris MR, Katelaris C, Rosario N, Delgado L, Leonardi A, Bielory L. Ocular surface disorders: office procedures for the allergist/clinical immunologist. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2024. link 25 We XX, Yu LL, Majid AZA, Xu Y. Study on the prevalence of myopia and its associated factors in China: a systemic review. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2023. link 26 Sun H, Bu F, Xin X, Yan J. Incidence of Adverse Events Induced by Atropine in Myopic Children: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of clinical pharmacology 2023. link 27 Du K, Yang T, Zhao J, Guan H. The impact of parental migration on left-behind children's vision health in rural China. BMC public health 2023. link 28 Zhang X, Zhao G, Ma J, Tao F, Pan CW, Zhang F et al.. Design, methodology, and baseline of eastern China student health and wellbeing cohort study. Frontiers in public health 2023. link 29 Yang Y, Jiang J, Lin Y, Peng Y. Health-related quality of life for children using orthokeratology (OK), peripheral lenslet designed (PLD) and single-vision (SV) spectacles: based on Child Health Utility 9 Dimensions (CHU9D). Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association 2023. link 30 Sankaridurg P, Weng R, Tran H, Spiegel DP, Drobe B, Ha T et al.. Spectacle Lenses With Highly Aspherical Lenslets for Slowing Myopia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Clinical Trial: Parts of these data were presented as a poster at the Annual Research in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting, 2022. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 31 Kfir J, Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Farzavandi S, Wei Z, Yam JC, de Faber JT et al.. The impact of the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood myopia control practice patterns among ophthalmologists-an international pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus council global perspective. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2023. link 32 Tsai HR, Wang JH, Huang HK, Chen TL, Chen PW, Chiu CJ. Efficacy of atropine, orthokeratology, and combined atropine with orthokeratology for childhood myopia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2022. link 33 Haarman AEG, Tedja MS, Brussee C, Enthoven CA, van Rijn GA, Vingerling JR et al.. Prevalence of Myopic Macular Features in Dutch Individuals of European Ancestry With High Myopia. JAMA ophthalmology 2022. link 34 Moshirfar M, Webster CR, Ronquillo YC. Phakic intraocular lenses: an update and review for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism in the United States. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2022. link 35 Vyas SA, Lakshmanan Y, Chan HH, Leung TW, Kee CS. Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens. Scientific reports 2022. link 36 Sharma P, Dhami A, Dhami NB, Dhami GS. Comparison of patient satisfaction with red-free (green) versus yellow light using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope for retinal examination. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 37 Hansen MH, Hvid-Hansen A, Jacobsen N, Kessel L. Myopia prevalence in Denmark - a review of 140 years of myopia research. Acta ophthalmologica 2021. link 38 Mah FS. Clarifying the Disease State of Presbyopia. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 2021. link 39 Huo L, Qi Y, Zhao S. Refractive errors and risk factors for myopia in infants aged 1-18 months in Tianjin, China. BMC ophthalmology 2021. link 40 Németh J, Tapasztó B, Aclimandos WA, Kestelyn P, Jonas JB, De Faber JHN et al.. Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. European journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 41 Modjtahedi BS, Abbott RL, Fong DS, Lum F, Tan D. Reducing the Global Burden of Myopia by Delaying the Onset of Myopia and Reducing Myopic Progression in Children: The Academy's Task Force on Myopia. Ophthalmology 2021. link 42 Schallhorn JM, Pantanelli SM, Lin CC, Al-Mohtaseb ZN, Steigleman WA, Santhiago MR et al.. Multifocal and Accommodating Intraocular Lenses for the Treatment of Presbyopia: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2021. link 43 Yashadhana A, Clarke NA, Zhang JH, Ahmad J, Mdala S, Morjaria P et al.. Gender and ethnic diversity in global ophthalmology and optometry association leadership: a time for change. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2021. link 44 Ang M, Flanagan JL, Wong CW, Müller A, Davis A, Keys D et al.. Review: Myopia control strategies recommendations from the 2018 WHO/IAPB/BHVI Meeting on Myopia. The British journal of ophthalmology 2020. link 45 Koh BMQR, Banu R, Sabanayagam C. The 100 Most Cited Articles in Ophthalmology in Asia. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020. link 46 Ratzlaff TD, Diesbourg TL, McAllister MJ, von Hacht M, Brissette AR, Bona MD. Evaluating the efficacy of an educational ergonomics module for improving slit lamp positioning in ophthalmology residents. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2019. link 47 Jakubiak P, Reutlinger M, Mattei P, Schuler F, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Understanding Molecular Drivers of Melanin Binding To Support Rational Design of Small Molecule Ophthalmic Drugs. Journal of medicinal chemistry 2018. link 48 Laios K, Moschos MM, Androutsos G. The study of ocular tuberculosis during the 19th and early 20th century. Le infezioni in medicina 2017. link 49 Medina A. Plastic modification of the cornea by pneumatic force corrects myopia: Pneumatic keratology. Eye (London, England) 2017. link 50 Pineles SL, Kraker RT, VanderVeen DK, Hutchinson AK, Galvin JA, Wilson LB et al.. Atropine for the Prevention of Myopia Progression in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2017. link 51 Pradhan KR, Reinstein DZ, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Gobbe M, Dhungana P. Quality control outcomes analysis of small-incision lenticule extraction for myopia by a novice surgeon at the first refractive surgery unit in Nepal during the first 2 years of operation. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2016. link 52 Polling JR, Verhoeven VJ, Tideman JW, Klaver CC. Duke-Elder's Views on Prognosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Myopia: Way Ahead of His Time. Strabismus 2016. link 53 Hernandez J, Moore C, Si X, Richer S, Jackson J, Wang W. Aging Dogs Manifest Myopia as Measured by Autorefractor. PloS one 2016. link 54 Willis JR, Vitale S, Morse L, Parke DW, Rich WL, Lum F et al.. The Prevalence of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization in the United States: Analysis of the IRIS(®) Data Registry and NHANES. Ophthalmology 2016. link 55 Tideman JW, Polling JR, Voortman T, Jaddoe VW, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A et al.. Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children. European journal of epidemiology 2016. link 56 Anitua E, Muruzabal F, Tayebba A, Riestra A, Perez VL, Merayo-Lloves J et al.. Autologous serum and plasma rich in growth factors in ophthalmology: preclinical and clinical studies. Acta ophthalmologica 2015. link 57 Lu Y, Guo Y, Diao H, Liang X, Lu J, Zeng Y. Comparison of the Educational Effect upon Myopia Prevention and Treatment between Video Demonstration and Traditional Teaching. Eye science 2015. link 58 Barbero S. An ancient explanation of presbyopia based on binocular vision. Acta ophthalmologica 2014. link 59 Hall RC, Rosman M, Chan C, Tan DT, Mehta JS. Patient and surgeon experience during laser in situ keratomileusis using 2 femtosecond laser systems. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2014. link 60 Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Black LJ, McKnight CM, Mountain JA, Sherwin JC et al.. Myopia is associated with lower vitamin D status in young adults. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2014. link 61 Zhilyakova ET, Novikov OO, Akopova VV. Soft contact lenses as prospective transport systems for ophthalmology. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2013. link 62 Fang YT, Chou YJ, Pu C, Lin PJ, Liu TL, Huang N et al.. Prescription of atropine eye drops among children diagnosed with myopia in Taiwan from 2000 to 2007: a nationwide study. Eye (London, England) 2013. link 63 Shtein RM, Michelotti MM, Kaplan A, Mian SI. Association of surgeon experience with outcomes of femtosecond LASIK. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging : the official journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye 2012. link 64 Wagoner MD, Wickard JC, Wandling GR, Milder LC, Rauen MP, Kitzmann AS et al.. Initial resident refractive surgical experience: outcomes of PRK and LASIK for myopia. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 2011. link 65 Goss DA. Ray Morse Peckham (1876-1944) and his optometric writings. Hindsight (Saint Louis, Mo.) 2010. link 66 Bloom RI, Friedman IB, Chuck RS. Increasing rates of myopia: the long view. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2010. link 67 Stillitano I, Yamazaki E, Melo LA, Bottos J, Campos M. Wavefront-guided refractive surgery results of training-surgeons. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2010. link 68 Tkatchenko TV, Shen Y, Tkatchenko AV. Mouse experimental myopia has features of primate myopia. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2010. link 69 Huang D, Schallhorn SC, Sugar A, Farjo AA, Majmudar PA, Trattler WB et al.. Phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of myopia: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2009. link 70 Cho P, Cheung SW, Mountford J, White P. Good clinical practice in orthokeratology. Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association 2008. link 71 Van Meter WS, Musch DC, Jacobs DS, Kaufman SC, Reinhart WJ, Udell IJ. Safety of overnight orthokeratology for myopia: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2008. link 72 Schallhorn SC, Farjo AA, Huang D, Boxer Wachler BS, Trattler WB, Tanzer DJ et al.. Wavefront-guided LASIK for the correction of primary myopia and astigmatism a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2008. link 73 Gosrani D. An unusual case of a Forster-Fuchs' spot. Clinical & experimental optometry 2007. link 74 Choo JD, Holden BA. The prevention of myopia with contact lenses. Eye & contact lens 2007. link 75 Steidl SM. How does visual acuity change over time in adults with high myopia?. The British journal of ophthalmology 2006. link 76 Mehta S. The treatment of ocular tuberculosis: a survey of published literature. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2006. link 77 Bailey MD, Twa MD, Mitchell GL, Dhaliwal DK, Jones LA, McMahon TT. Repeatability of autorefraction and axial length measurements after laser in situ keratomileusis. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2005. link 78 LeBoyer RM, Deutsch TA, Rubenstein JB. Results of resident-performed laser in situ keratomileusis. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2005. link 79 Norn M, Jensen OA. Marius Tscherning (1854-1939): his life and work in optical physiology. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2004. link 80 . Myopia and glaucoma with topiramate. Prescrire international 2003. link 81 Haigis W. Corneal power after refractive surgery for myopia: contact lens method. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2003. link02044-8) 82 Chalita MR, Tekwani NH, Krueger RR. Laser epithelial keratomileusis: outcome of initial cases performed by an experienced surgeon. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 2003. link 83 Mulhern MG, Rootman DS. The stamler lid splint: a new short-term technique for achieving therapeutic ptosis. Cornea 2002. link 84 Sugar A, Rapuano CJ, Culbertson WW, Huang D, Varley GA, Agapitos PJ et al.. Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism: safety and efficacy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2002. link00966-6) 85 Rapuano CJ, Sugar A, Koch DD, Agapitos PJ, Culbertson WW, de Luise VP et al.. Intrastromal corneal ring segments for low myopia: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2001. link00804-1) 86 Moilanen JA, Vesaluoma MH, Vesti ET, Vaajoensuu TP, Partinen MM, Tervo TM. Photorefractive keratectomy in ophthalmic residents. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 2000. link 87 Seiler T. Clear lens extraction in the 19th century--an early demonstration of premature dissemination. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 1999. link 88 Romano PE, von Noorden GK. Knapp's law and unilateral axial high myopia. 1970. Binocular vision & strabismus quarterly 1999. link 89 Nuzzi R, Finazzo C, Francone L. The relationship between pupil diameter and decentration in myopia. Eye (London, England) 1997. link 90 Couvillion JT, Sabates MA, Remus LE, Friedlander MH, Buzard KA. Radial and astigmatic keratotomy experience by residents and fellows at a teaching institution. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 1997. link80152-6) 91 Dougherty PJ, Lindstrom RL, Hardten DR. Effect of refractive surgery experience on outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 1997. link 92 Chang SS, Maurice DM, Ramirez-Florez S. Quantitative measurement of corneal haze after myopic PRK. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 1996. link 93 Spadea L, Bianco G, Balestrazzi E. Four techniques for retreatment after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 1996. link 94 Cherry PM. Removal of epithelium and scraping the underlying stroma as treatment for photorefractive keratectomy overcorrection or undercorrection of myopia. Ophthalmic surgery and lasers 1996. link 95 Tannebaum S. Svyatoslav Fyodorov, M.D.: innovative eye surgeon. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1995. link 96 Sergienko NM, Solodkii N, Hamard H, Ruellan YM. New technique for knife and radial keratotomy. Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995) 1995. link 97 Tavola A, Carones F, Galli L, Fontanella G, Brancato R. The learning curve in myopic photorefractive keratectomy. Journal of refractive and corneal surgery 1994. link 98 Arciniegas A, Amaya LE. Myopic astigmatism and simple myopia correction. Annals of ophthalmology 1993. link 99 Cohen P. Phototorefractive keratectomy--a personal insight. 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