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Cardiology641 papers

Retinal migraine

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Retinal migraine is characterized by recurrent, transient monocular visual disturbances, often accompanied by headache, typically lasting less than one hour. It primarily affects vision in one eye and is distinct from typical migraines affecting both eyes. 33 43

Diagnosis

Key Symptoms: Recurrent, transient monocular visual disturbances (blindness, scotoma, flickering lights) lasting less than one hour, often preceded or accompanied by headache. 43

Recommended Tests:

- Ophthalmologic Examination: Including fundoscopy to rule out other retinal pathologies. - Imaging: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography to exclude retinal ischemia or other vascular issues. 1 6

Differential Diagnosis: Essential to exclude other causes of monocular visual loss such as retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, and other forms of retinal vasculitis. 2 11 24

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Lifestyle Modifications: Stress management, regular sleep patterns, and avoidance of known migraine triggers. - Medications: Preventive medications such as beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, or antiepileptic drugs may be considered for frequent attacks. 33

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Acute Attack Management: Short-term use of triptans or other abortive migraine therapies may be applied cautiously, though evidence is limited for retinal migraine specifically. 33 - Monitoring: Regular follow-up to assess for progression or alternative diagnoses. 43

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Limited data; diagnosis and management should follow adult guidelines with careful monitoring for underlying causes. 33

Elderly: Increased vigilance for alternative causes of monocular visual loss, such as vascular or inflammatory conditions. 2 11

Comorbidities: Patients with comorbid vascular diseases may require more thorough evaluation and management to exclude retinal ischemia. 11 24

Key Recommendations

Exclude Other Retinal Pathologies: Comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation including imaging to rule out retinal artery occlusion, vein occlusion, and vasculitis. (Evidence: Moderate 1 6 24)

Consider Preventive Medications: For frequent attacks, consider preventive medications like beta-blockers or calcium channel antagonists. (Evidence: Expert opinion 33)

Regular Monitoring: Frequent follow-up to assess visual symptoms and rule out evolving retinal conditions. (Evidence: Moderate 43)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 299 indexed papers.

1 Mani P, Ramachandran N, Sowmya V, Ravi V, Ramesh PV, Alahmadi TJ. Multi-scale adaptive fusion network for retinal layer and fluid segmentation in optical coherence tomography B-scans. Scientific reports 2026. link 2 Saboya-Galindo P, Cifuentes-González C, Rojas-Carabali W, Mejía-Salgado G, Le Tong Y, Putera I et al.. Clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies in the treatment of noninfectious retinal vasculitis: A systematic review from the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe) - Report 4. Survey of ophthalmology 2026. link 3 Lelek Z, Machaj M, Krysik K, Janiszewska-Bil D, Dobrowolski D, Szendzielorz-Krzempek SE et al.. Bilateral Eales' Disease Managed With Vitrectomy and Anti-VEGF Therapy: A Case Report. The American journal of case reports 2026. link 4 Song H, Gao D. [Expression of Concern] Fasudil, a Rho‑associated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuates retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. International journal of molecular medicine 2026. link 5 Cifuentes-González C, Putera I, Walter CFY, Mejía-Salgado G, Le Tong Y, Chan R et al.. Work-up in patients with retinal vasculitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis: International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe) Report 2. Survey of ophthalmology 2026. link 6 Noori J, Leal C, Ding K, Shah VA, Kingsley RM. Validity of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Detection of Retinal Vasculitis. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2026. link 7 Chae W, Kim H, Lee S. COMPARISON OF FOVEA-SPARING (BUTTON-HOLE) AND CONVENTIONAL INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING IN RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM RUPTURE: Visual and Anatomical Outcomes. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2026. link 8 Ciurariu E, Tirziu AT, Varga NI, Hirtie B, Alexandru A, Ivan CS et al.. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and the Gut-Retina Connection: A Systematic Review. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 9 Chokchaitanasin R, Vongkulsiri S, Choontanom R. Evaluation of medical student performance and satisfaction of simulator-based direct ophthalmoscopy training using a new refractive adjustment fundoscopic examination simulator-ICEyeModel: a comparative randomised crossover study. BMC medical education 2025. link 10 Wang M, Zhang X, Li D, Wei Q, Zhao J, Gao X et al.. The potential of artificial intelligence reading label system on the training of ophthalmologists in retinal diseases, a multicenter bimodal multi-disease study. BMC medical education 2025. link 11 Beurrier M, Conart JB, Antoine ML, Facile A, Bagheri H, Gras-Champel V et al.. Retinal vascular occlusion after COVID-19 vaccination: Analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database. Therapie 2025. link 12 Lu G, Huang R, Zeng S, Xing Y, Xie H, Du L. . Molecular neurobiology 2025. [link 13 Nahar A, Eliott D, Avery RL, Pulido J, Eagle RC, Carrasco JR et al.. Retinal Vasculopathy and Choroiditis after Pegcetacoplan Injection: Clinicopathologic Support for a Drug Hypersensitivity Reaction. Ophthalmology. Retina 2025. link 14 Yang X, Li H, Guo H, Han H, Zhou F, Wang Q et al.. Vitrectomy Combined with Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm with "Multilayered" Hemorrhages. Seminars in ophthalmology 2025. link 15 Kim Y, Han K, Kim JH. Retinal Vascular Occlusions After COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea: A Nation-Wide Population-Based Study. Ophthalmic epidemiology 2025. link 16 Forte P, Feo A, Sarraf D, Romano MR, Nicolò M. Current insights and challenges in the management of perifoveal vascular anomalous complex (PVAC): a systematic review of multimodal imaging features and treatment strategies. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 17 Lam D, Moore M, Cunich M, Lake S, Ho IV, McCluskey P et al.. Comparison of a visiting subspecialist ophthalmology service to Royal Darwin Hospital with interstate transfers: costs and clinical outcomes of treatment. Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association 2024. link 18 Tillmann A, Ceklic L, Dysli C, Munk MR. Gender differences in retinal diseases: A review. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2024. link 19 Patel D, Abdi S, Carmichael J, Balaskas K, Blandford A. What are the experiences of teleophthalmology in optometric referral pathways? A qualitative interview study with patients and clinicians. BMJ open 2024. link 20 Ki J, Lee H, Lee TG, Lee SW, Wi JS, Na HK. Visualization Materials Using Silicon-Based Optical Nanodisks (ViSiON) for Enhanced NIR Imaging in Ophthalmology. Advanced healthcare materials 2024. link 21 Iwahashi C, Itami T, Sakamoto M, Kusaka S. Retinal Vasculitis Associated with SAPHO Syndrome Responding to Treatment with Adalimumab. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 22 Cunha de Souza E, Tombolini B, Sacconi R, Bandello F, Querques G. A Brazilian case of exudative perifoveal vascular anomalous complex responsive to aflibercept intravitreal injections. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 23 Lee K, Jung S, Chin HS. Frosted Branch Angiitis; Case Series and Literature Review. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 24 Bhanot R, Kumar A, Shankar S, Singh A, Ambiya V, Srujana D. Serum vitamin D level alterations in retinal vascular occlusions. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2024. link 25 Vongkulsiri S, Vanichseni S, Choontanom R, Keorochana N. Characteristics, Etiology, and Clinical Outcome of Retinal Vasculitis in Tertiary Hospital in Thailand. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 26 Meyerovitz C, Colwell L, Jeng-Miller K. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy immediately following internal carotid endovascular repair. Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO 2023. link 27 Kang YK, Park HS. MULTIPLE-SESSION SUBTHRESHOLD MICROPULSE LASER THERAPY FOR EXUDATIVE PERIFOVEAL VASCULAR ANOMALOUS COMPLEX: A CASE REPORT. Retinal cases & brief reports 2023. link 28 Gao Y, Zhao W, Wu D, Feng W, Mac Grory B, Guo W et al.. Intra-arterial Thrombolysis for Acute Retinal Ischemia: A Retrospective, Observational, Cohort Study. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2023. link 29 Weinstein JE, Greven MA. PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY AND OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME AFTER INTRANASAL STEROID INJECTION: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Retinal cases & brief reports 2023. link 30 Szeto SK, Hui VWK, Siu V, Mohamed S, Chan CKM, Cheung CYL et al.. Recent Advances in Clinical Applications of Imaging in Retinal Diseases. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2023. link 31 Mohamed S, Chan CK, Tsang CW, Szeto SK, Fong AH, Chan JC et al.. Case Report: Retinal Vasculitis in Two Adolescents After COVID-19 Vaccination. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 32 Karaca I, Uludag G, Matsumiya W, Regenold J, Or C, Mobasserian A et al.. Six-month outcomes of infliximab and tocilizumab therapy in non-infectious retinal vasculitis. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 33 Samalia P, Sims J, Deva N. Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms and Neuroretinitis: Clinical Improvement with Infliximab. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 34 Abroug N, Khairallah M, Ksiaa I, Ben Amor H, Zina S, Attia S et al.. A Comparative Study between Occlusive and Non-occlusive Retinal Vasculitis: Data from a Referral Center in Tunisia, North Africa. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 35 Singh RB, Perepelkina T, Testi I, Young BK, Mirza T, Invernizzi A et al.. Imaging-based Assessment of Choriocapillaris: A Comprehensive Review. Seminars in ophthalmology 2023. link 36 Chandrasekaran PR. A Curious Case of Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis in a Young Individual Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 37 Matović K, Mekjavić PJ, Groznik AL, Fakin A, Petrovič MG, Pfeifer V et al.. Vancomycin-Associated Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis: A Case Series and Systematic Review. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2022. link 38 Joachim SC. Towards an Understanding of Retinal Diseases and Novel Treatment. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 39 Scarpa G, Urban F, Scarpa M, Formentini S, Beccastrini A. Intravitreal Injections during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Northern Italy: An Innovative Approach for a High Quality and Safe Treatment. European journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 40 Midena E, Marchione G, Di Giorgio S, Rotondi G, Longhin E, Frizziero L et al.. Ultra-wide-field fundus photography compared to ophthalmoscopy in diagnosing and classifying major retinal diseases. Scientific reports 2022. link 41 Zhang Y, Chang T, Ge G, Zhang M. Extensive Dynamics of Aneurysms and Long-term Prognosis in IRVAN Syndrome: A Case Series. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 42 Lin M, Anesi SD, Chang PY, Eggenschwiler L, Manhapra A, Walsh M et al.. Clinical features, visual outcome, and poor prognostic factors in occlusive retinal vasculitis. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2022. link 43 Chhabra N, Chiang CC, Di Nome MA, Houghton O, Carlin RE, O'Carroll CB et al.. Migrainous infarction of the eye: Two cases of monocular ischemic complications associated with retinal migraine. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache 2022. link 44 Wang LU, Chen FT, Chen YJ, Wang JK, Chang SW, Hsu YR. Clinical and Epidemiological Profiles of Retinal Vasculitis in Northern Taiwan. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 45 Kelgaonkar A, Govindhari V, Khalsa A, Basu S. Anti-tubercular therapy alone for treatment of isolated tubercular retinal vasculitis. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 46 Fouda AY, Eldahshan W, Xu Z, Lemtalsi T, Shosha E, Zaidi SA et al.. Preclinical investigation of Pegylated arginase 1 as a treatment for retina and brain injury. Experimental neurology 2022. link 47 Agarwal A, Aggarwal K, Handa S, Markan A, Gupta V. Subretinal Hemorrhage Complicating Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation in Tubercular Retinal Vasculitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 48 Akyol E, Hagag AM, Sivaprasad S, Lotery AJ. Adaptive optics: principles and applications in ophthalmology. Eye (London, England) 2021. link 49 Afarid M, Sanie-Jahromi F. Potential neuroprotective biomolecules in ophthalmology. International ophthalmology 2021. link 50 Lin IH, Chien CC, Chen YH, Pao SI, Chen JT, Chen CL. Ultra-widefield retinal imaging for adjunctive resident training in retinal break detection. PloS one 2021. link 51 Dai A, Malmqvist L, Rothenbuehler SP, Hamann S. OCT based interpretation of the optic nerve head anatomy in young adults with retinal vascular occlusions and ischemic optic neuropathy. European journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 52 Pierro L, Battista M, Arrigo A, Manitto MP, Bandello F. Multimodal imaging in pediatric arterial macroaneurysm: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 53 Sodhi GS, Franklin QJ, Wagner AL, Kapoor KG. Successful Clinical Outcome of Vancomycin-induced Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2021. link 54 Rajabian F, Arrigo A, Grazioli A, Falcomatà B, Bandello F, Battaglia Parodi M. Retinal arterial macroaneurysm associated with macular pucker. European journal of ophthalmology 2020. link 55 Alkuraya H, Patel N, Ibrahim N, Al Ghamdi B, Alsulaiman SM, Nowilaty SR et al.. Phenotypic delineation of the retinal arterial macroaneurysms with supravalvular pulmonic stenosis syndrome. Clinical genetics 2020. link 56 Park JW, Sung MS, Ha JY, Guo Y, Piao H, Heo H et al.. Neuroprotective Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Ischemic Mouse Retina. Current eye research 2020. link 57 Gogate P, Biswas P, Das T, Nirmalan P, Natarajan S. Ophthalmology residency training in India: Comparing feedback about how the training equips ophthalmologists to combat retinal diseases. READS report #6. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2019. link 58 Dawson SR, Linton E, Beicher K, Gale R, Patel P, Ghanchi F et al.. Ophthalmology research in the UK's National Health Service: the structure and performance of the NIHR's Ophthalmology research portfolio. Eye (London, England) 2019. link 59 Kim MS, Lee SG, Kim JY, Kang MY. Maculopathy from an accidental exposure to welding arc. BMJ case reports 2019. link 60 Liu XC, Zhang MN, Chen B, Li Y, Huang HB. A new perspective for analyzing clinical characteristics of idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis syndrome. International ophthalmology 2019. link 61 Kumawat D, Kumar V. Resolution of arterial aneurysms in idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms and neuroretinitis: a case report and review of literature. International ophthalmology 2019. link 62 Ansari ZA, Choi CJ, Rong AJ, Erickson BP, Tse DT. Ocular and cerebral infarction from periocular filler injection. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2019. link 63 Blixt FW, Haanes KA, Ohlsson L, Dreisig K, Fedulov V, Warfvinge K et al.. MEK/ERK/1/2 sensitive vascular changes coincide with retinal functional deficit, following transient ophthalmic artery occlusion. Experimental eye research 2019. link 64 Clemente-Tomás R, Bayo-Calduch P, Neira-Ibáñez P, Gargallo-Benedicto A, Duch-Samper AM. Bilateral maculopathy after exposure to a laser pointer: Optical coherence tomography angiography findings. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2018. link 65 González Martín-Moro J, Hernández Verdejo JL, Zarallo Gallardo J. Photic maculopathy: A review of the literature (ii). Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2018. link 66 Mahendradas P, Vala R, Kawali A, Akkali MC, Shetty R. Adaptive Optics Imaging in Retinal Vasculitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018. link 67 Brunner DR, Zweifel SA, Barthelmes D, Meier F, Böni C. Review of people with retinal vasculitis and positive QuantiFERON. International ophthalmology 2018. link 68 Agarwal M, Malathi J, Biswas J. Frosted Branch Angiitis in a Patient with Typhoid Fever. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018. link 69 Wu J, Wang R, Yang D, Tang W, Chen Z, Sun Q et al.. Hydrogen postconditioning promotes survival of rat retinal ganglion cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2018. link 70 Chawla R, Kumar A, Ravani R, Tewari R, Rajmohmad Shaikh F, Sharma A. Multimodal imaging questions etiology of idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms and neuroretinitis syndrome (IRVAN syndrome). Medical hypotheses 2018. link 71 Ezra-Elia R, Alegro da Silva G, Zanoni DS, Laufer-Amorim R, Vitor Couto do Amaral A, Laus JL et al.. Functional and Structural Evaluation of Sildenafil in a Rat Model of Acute Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Current eye research 2017. link 72 Pagano CW, Wu M, Wu L. Acute visual loss and intraretinal hemorrhages associated to energy drink consumption. International ophthalmology 2017. link 73 Chatziralli I, Maniatea A, Koubouni K, Parikakis E, Mitropoulos P. Intravitreal ranibizumab for retinal arterial macroaneurysm: long-term results of a prospective study. European journal of ophthalmology 2017. link 74 Kim CR, Kim JH, Park HL, Park CK. Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Triggers TNFα Induced-Necroptosis in Rat Retina. Current eye research 2017. link 75 Goel N, Kumar V, Ghosh B. Congenital retinal macrovessel associated with vitreous hemorrhage. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2017. link 76 Wray SH. Acute Visual Loss. Seminars in neurology 2016. link 77 Balducci N, Savini G, Barboni P, Ducoli P, Ciardella A. Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis After First Eye Cataract Surgery Without Subsequent Second Eye Involvement. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2016. link 78 Li E, Greenberg PB, Voruganti I, Krzystolik MG. Cost and Selection of Ophthalmic Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents. Rhode Island medical journal (2013) 2016. link 79 Lee H, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. Pediatric Optical Coherence Tomography in Clinical Practice-Recent Progress. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2016. link 80 Sun Y, Xue W, Song Z, Huang K, Zheng L. Restoration of Opa1-long isoform inhibits retinal injury-induced neurodegeneration. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 2016. link 81 Samia-Aly E, Cassels-Brown A, Morris DS, Stancliffe R, Somner JE. A survey of UK practice patterns in the delivery of intravitreal injections. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2015. link 82 Kleinberg TT, Uretsky S, Flanders AE, Bilyk JR, Murchison AP. Black as night. Survey of ophthalmology 2015. link 83 Chapin J, Carlson K, Christos PJ, DeSancho MT. Risk Factors and Treatment Strategies in Patients With Retinal Vascular Occlusions. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2015. link 84 Fang IM, Yang CM, Yang CH. Chitosan oligosaccharides prevented retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury via reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Experimental eye research 2015. link 85 Meyer JC, Ahmad BU, Blinder KJ, Shah GK. Laser therapy versus observation for symptomatic retinal artery macroaneurysms. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2015. link 86 Inoue M, Shiraga F, Shirakata Y, Morizane Y, Kimura S, Hirakata A. Subretinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for submacular hemorrhage associated with ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2015. link 87 Aumiller MS, Rinehart J. Multi-layered haemorrhage secondary to retinal arterial macroaneurysm: a case report and review. Clinical & experimental optometry 2015. link 88 Lund DJ, Sliney DH. A new understanding of multiple-pulsed laser-induced retinal injury thresholds. Health physics 2014. link 89 Scollo P, Herath G, Lobo A. Retinal injury by industrial laser burn. Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2014. link 90 Ji YS, Park JW, Heo H, Park JS, Park SW. The neuroprotective effect of carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) on retinal ganglion cell following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Current eye research 2014. link 91 Vin AP, Hu H, Zhai Y, Von Zee CL, Logeman A, Stubbs EB et al.. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol prophylaxis on experimental retinal ischemic injury. Experimental eye research 2013. link 92 Liu XQ, Wu BJ, Pan WH, Zhang XM, Liu JH, Chen MM et al.. Resveratrol mitigates rat retinal ischemic injury: the roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9, inducible nitric oxide, and heme oxygenase-1. Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013. link 93 Pichi F, Morara M, Torrazza C, Manzi G, Alkabes M, Balducci N et al.. Intravitreal bevacizumab for macular complications from retinal arterial macroaneurysms. American journal of ophthalmology 2013. link 94 van Zeeburg EJ, Cereda MG, van Meurs JC. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, vitrectomy, and gas for recent submacular hemorrhage displacement due to retinal macroaneurysm. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2013. link 95 Grzybowski A. Forgotten achievements of Polish retinal research in international ophthalmology. Acta ophthalmologica 2012. link 96 Zhang Z, Qin X, Tong N, Zhao X, Gong Y, Shi Y et al.. Valproic acid-mediated neuroprotection in retinal ischemia injury via histone deacetylase inhibition and transcriptional activation. Experimental eye research 2012. link 97 Tasi WC, Petersen-Jones SM, Huang PY, Lin CT. The neuroprotective effects of lidocaine and methylprednisolone in a rat model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2012. link 98 Chen YQ, Pan WH, Liu JH, Chen MM, Liu CM, Yeh MY et al.. The effects and underlying mechanisms of S-allyl l-cysteine treatment of the retina after ischemia/reperfusion. Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2012. link 99 Goldenberg-Cohen N, Avraham-Lubin BC, Sadikov T, Goldstein RS, Askenasy N. Primitive stem cells derived from bone marrow express glial and neuronal markers and support revascularization in injured retina exposed to ischemic and mechanical damage. Stem cells and development 2012. link 100 Rosenbaum JT, Ku J, Ali A, Choi D, Suhler EB. Patients with retinal vasculitis rarely suffer from systemic vasculitis. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2012. link

Original source

[1]
Multi-scale adaptive fusion network for retinal layer and fluid segmentation in optical coherence tomography B-scans. — Mani P, Ramachandran N, Sowmya V, Ravi V, Ramesh PV, Alahmadi TJ Scientific reports (2026)
[2]
Clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies in the treatment of noninfectious retinal vasculitis: A systematic review from the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe) - Report 4. — Saboya-Galindo P, Cifuentes-González C, Rojas-Carabali W, Mejía-Salgado G, Le Tong Y, Putera I et al. Survey of ophthalmology (2026)
[3]
Bilateral Eales' Disease Managed With Vitrectomy and Anti-VEGF Therapy: A Case Report. — Lelek Z, Machaj M, Krysik K, Janiszewska-Bil D, Dobrowolski D, Szendzielorz-Krzempek SE et al. The American journal of case reports (2026)
[4]
[Expression of Concern] Fasudil, a Rho‑associated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuates retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. — Song H, Gao D International journal of molecular medicine (2026)
[5]
Work-up in patients with retinal vasculitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis: International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe) Report 2. — Cifuentes-González C, Putera I, Walter CFY, Mejía-Salgado G, Le Tong Y, Chan R et al. Survey of ophthalmology (2026)
[6]
Validity of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Detection of Retinal Vasculitis. — Noori J, Leal C, Ding K, Shah VA, Kingsley RM Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2026)
[7]
COMPARISON OF FOVEA-SPARING (BUTTON-HOLE) AND CONVENTIONAL INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING IN RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM RUPTURE: Visual and Anatomical Outcomes. — Chae W, Kim H, Lee S Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2026)
[8]
Short-Chain Fatty Acids and the Gut-Retina Connection: A Systematic Review. — Ciurariu E, Tirziu AT, Varga NI, Hirtie B, Alexandru A, Ivan CS et al. International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
[9]
Evaluation of medical student performance and satisfaction of simulator-based direct ophthalmoscopy training using a new refractive adjustment fundoscopic examination simulator-ICEyeModel: a comparative randomised crossover study. — Chokchaitanasin R, Vongkulsiri S, Choontanom R BMC medical education (2025)
[10]
The potential of artificial intelligence reading label system on the training of ophthalmologists in retinal diseases, a multicenter bimodal multi-disease study. — Wang M, Zhang X, Li D, Wei Q, Zhao J, Gao X et al. BMC medical education (2025)
[11]
Retinal vascular occlusion after COVID-19 vaccination: Analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database. — Beurrier M, Conart JB, Antoine ML, Facile A, Bagheri H, Gras-Champel V et al. Therapie (2025)
[12]
[ — Lu G, Huang R, Zeng S, Xing Y, Xie H, Du L Molecular neurobiology (2025)
[13]
Retinal Vasculopathy and Choroiditis after Pegcetacoplan Injection: Clinicopathologic Support for a Drug Hypersensitivity Reaction. — Nahar A, Eliott D, Avery RL, Pulido J, Eagle RC, Carrasco JR et al. Ophthalmology. Retina (2025)
[14]
Vitrectomy Combined with Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm with "Multilayered" Hemorrhages. — Yang X, Li H, Guo H, Han H, Zhou F, Wang Q et al. Seminars in ophthalmology (2025)
[15]
Retinal Vascular Occlusions After COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea: A Nation-Wide Population-Based Study. — Kim Y, Han K, Kim JH Ophthalmic epidemiology (2025)
[16]
Current insights and challenges in the management of perifoveal vascular anomalous complex (PVAC): a systematic review of multimodal imaging features and treatment strategies. — Forte P, Feo A, Sarraf D, Romano MR, Nicolò M Eye (London, England) (2025)
[17]
Comparison of a visiting subspecialist ophthalmology service to Royal Darwin Hospital with interstate transfers: costs and clinical outcomes of treatment. — Lam D, Moore M, Cunich M, Lake S, Ho IV, McCluskey P et al. Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association (2024)
[18]
Gender differences in retinal diseases: A review. — Tillmann A, Ceklic L, Dysli C, Munk MR Clinical & experimental ophthalmology (2024)
[19]
What are the experiences of teleophthalmology in optometric referral pathways? A qualitative interview study with patients and clinicians. — Patel D, Abdi S, Carmichael J, Balaskas K, Blandford A BMJ open (2024)
[20]
Visualization Materials Using Silicon-Based Optical Nanodisks (ViSiON) for Enhanced NIR Imaging in Ophthalmology. — Ki J, Lee H, Lee TG, Lee SW, Wi JS, Na HK Advanced healthcare materials (2024)
[21]
Retinal Vasculitis Associated with SAPHO Syndrome Responding to Treatment with Adalimumab. — Iwahashi C, Itami T, Sakamoto M, Kusaka S Ocular immunology and inflammation (2024)
[22]
A Brazilian case of exudative perifoveal vascular anomalous complex responsive to aflibercept intravitreal injections. — Cunha de Souza E, Tombolini B, Sacconi R, Bandello F, Querques G European journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[23]
Frosted Branch Angiitis; Case Series and Literature Review. — Lee K, Jung S, Chin HS Ocular immunology and inflammation (2024)
[24]
Serum vitamin D level alterations in retinal vascular occlusions. — Bhanot R, Kumar A, Shankar S, Singh A, Ambiya V, Srujana D Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy (2024)
[25]
Characteristics, Etiology, and Clinical Outcome of Retinal Vasculitis in Tertiary Hospital in Thailand. — Vongkulsiri S, Vanichseni S, Choontanom R, Keorochana N Ocular immunology and inflammation (2024)
[26]
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy immediately following internal carotid endovascular repair. — Meyerovitz C, Colwell L, Jeng-Miller K Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO (2023)
[27]
MULTIPLE-SESSION SUBTHRESHOLD MICROPULSE LASER THERAPY FOR EXUDATIVE PERIFOVEAL VASCULAR ANOMALOUS COMPLEX: A CASE REPORT. — Kang YK, Park HS Retinal cases & brief reports (2023)
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