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Cardiology1819 papers

Mitral valve stenosis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Mitral valve stenosis (MS) is characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, impeding blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, often due to rheumatic heart disease or degenerative causes like mitral annular calcification (MAC). 1 2 3 19

Diagnosis

Clinical Symptoms: Dyspnea, fatigue, atrial fibrillation.

Echocardiography: Essential for assessing valve area, pressure gradients, and left atrial size. 7 35 49

Grading: Severity graded by mitral valve area (MVA), mean transmitral gradient, and symptoms. 1 12 49

Additional Tests: Chest X-ray for anatomical clues, cardiac MRI/CT for detailed valve assessment. 48 55

Management

Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy (PMC): First-line for suitable patients, using techniques like Inoue balloon or wire-assisted methods. 4 22 33

Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (BMV): Effective for achieving immediate hemodynamic improvement, particularly in those with less severe calcification. 5 12 22 33 56

Surgical Intervention: Mitral valve replacement (MVR) indicated for severe, refractory cases or extensive calcification. 1 12 20 28

Medical Management: Diuretics, anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation, and management of pulmonary hypertension. 15 25 37

Special Populations

Pregnancy: BMV can be performed safely; careful monitoring required due to hemodynamic changes. 23 24 39

Pediatrics: Long-term outcomes after PMC are favorable but require follow-up. 9 47

Elderly: Increased prevalence of calcific MS; careful assessment of comorbidities and surgical risk. 2 6 19

Comorbidities: Pulmonary hypertension management crucial; consider mechanical support in severe cases. 15 37 56

Key Recommendations

Consider Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty (PMBV) as first-line therapy for patients with mitral stenosis who are suitable candidates, particularly those without extensive calcification. (Evidence: Moderate 4 22 33)

Perform surgical mitral valve replacement (MVR) for severe, refractory cases or extensive mitral annular calcification where percutaneous options are limited. (Evidence: Moderate 1 12 20)

Monitor and manage pulmonary hypertension aggressively in patients with mitral stenosis, especially before and after valvuloplasty procedures. (Evidence: Moderate 15 37)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 799 indexed papers.

1 Ruangsubvilai N, Au-Yeung K, Wongbuddha C, Shechter A, Patel V, Kaewkes D. Outcomes of Patients With Mitral Stenosis With Prior Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy Undergoing Mitral Valve Surgery. The American journal of cardiology 2026. link 2 Kato N, Watanabe H, Pellikka PA, Guerrero M. Clinical challenges in calcific mitral stenosis from diagnosis to management. Journal of cardiology 2026. link 3 Fabris T, Strosio M, Putortì F, Mesiani C, Amadio A, Tripi S et al.. Guiding Early Management in Severe Mitral Stenosis with Extensive Mitral Annular Calcification: A Transseptal ViMAC Case. The American journal of cardiology 2026. link 4 Oljira CF, Packer EJ, Dalen H, Omdal TR, Haaverstad R, Petros A et al.. Novel Wire-Assisted Mitral Commissurotomy Reduces Valve Crossing Time Compared to Inoue-Balloon Technique of Treating Mitral Stenosis, Randomized Controlled Trial (CROSSVal). Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2026. link 5 Ting CT, Chen JW, Chang MS, Yin FC. Pulmonary Impedance and Wave Reflections in Adults with Mitral Stenosis: Immediate and Follow-Up Effects of Balloon Valvuloplasty. Annals of biomedical engineering 2025. link 6 Saijo Y, Okushi Y, Gillinov AM, Pettersson GB, Unai S, Grimm RA et al.. Sex-related differences in outcomes and prognosis of severe calcific mitral stenosis due to mitral annular calcification: A propensity-score matched cohort study. International journal of cardiology 2025. link 7 Kim MJ, Jung YJ, Lee SH, Sun BJ, Lee S, Ahn JM et al.. Determination of Inoue Balloon Size by Analysis of Mitral Valve Geometry Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients With Mitral Stenosis. The American journal of cardiology 2025. link 8 Li B, Zhao K, Liu A, Xu W, Tang Y, Yang K et al.. Development and validation of a deep learning model for severe mitral stenosis detection from chest X-rays. Open heart 2025. link 9 Satheesan AP, Paraswanath BA, Subramanian AP, Setia MS, Mahimarangaiah J. The Modified History of Juvenile Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Following Percutaneous Transmitral Commissurotomy: Intermediate-Term Outcomes From a Decadal Follow-Up Study. Heart, lung & circulation 2025. link 10 Leow R, Sia CH, Li TY, Chan MW, Lim EH, Ng LMJ et al.. Clinical and echocardiographic differences between rheumatic and degenerative mitral stenosis. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2025. link 11 Duz R, Cibuk S. Severity of Mitral Valve Stenosis　- Possible Relationships With Blood Oxidant Markers and Antioxidants. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2024. link 12 Kim DY, Cho I, Kim K, Gwak SY, Ha KE, Lee HJ et al.. Outcomes of Severe Mitral Stenosis With the Revised Severity Criteria: Mitral Valve Replacement vs Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2024. link 13 Due HT, Petersen JK, Meulengracht DE, Smerup MH, Schmidt MR, Køber L et al.. Temporal changes in characteristics, incidence, and mortality in patients undergoing surgical intervention for mitral stenosis. Scientific reports 2024. link 14 Siah QZ, Pang BY, Ye TT, Ho JS, Teo YH, Teo YN et al.. Incidence of acute cerebrovascular events in patients with rheumatic or calcific mitral stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2023. link 15 Sparks AT, Kawabori M, Chen FY, Couper GS. Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support to Demonstrate Pulmonary Hypertension Reversibility in Mitral Stenosis. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2023. link 16 Liu B, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu P, Li T. Effects of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta cardiologica 2022. link 17 Zhu K, Pan S, Liu D, Wang C. Minimally Invasive Biochimney Technique for Postrepair Mitral Stenosis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 18 Samaan AA, Hassan A, Hassan M, Said K, El Aroussy W, Fawzy ME et al.. Left atrial structural and functional remodeling following balloon mitral valvuloplasty. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2021. link 19 Kuyama N, Hamatani Y, Okada A, Irie Y, Nakai M, Takahama H et al.. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Natural History and Predictors of Disease Progression in Patients With Degenerative Mitral Stenosis Versus Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis. The American journal of cardiology 2021. link 20 El-Eshmawi A, Sun E, Boateng P, Pandis D, Rimsukcharoenchai C, Anyanwu A et al.. Lessons from reoperations for mitral stenosis after mitral valve repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 21 Misumida N, Guerrero M, Pislaru SV, Alkhouli M, Rihal CS, Eleid MF. Hemodynamic response to transseptal transcatheter mitral valve replacement in patients with severe mitral stenosis due to severe mitral annular calcification. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2021. link 22 Chandra S, Gupta A, Chaudhary G, Narain VS, Dwivedi SK, Sethi R et al.. Safety and feasibility of same-day discharge after elective percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy: a prospective, single-center registry in India. Acta cardiologica 2021. link 23 Sreerama D, Surana M, Moolchandani K, Chaturvedula L, Keepanasseril A, Keepanasseril A et al.. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2021. link 24 Çakır Ç, Ceylan Y, Karagöz A, Ökten MŞ, Kaya Y. Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy in women with asymptomatic severe mitral stenosis before pregnancy. Acta cardiologica 2021. link 25 Patel J, Patel K, Garg P, Patel S. Inhaled versus intravenous milrinone in mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2021. link 26 Fessehaye A, Tafere YT, Abate DD. Postpartum maternal collapse-a first-time presentation of severe mitral stenosis: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2021. link 27 Kalkan K, Kalkan F, Aksakal E, Gulcu O, Lazoglu Z, Aksu U et al.. Assessment of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with mitral stenosis: A speckle tracking study. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2020. link 28 Go S, Furukawa T, Yamada K, Hiraoka T, Mochizuki S. A case of supra-annular mitral valve replacement using chimney technique for severe mitral stenosis with extensive mitral annular calcification. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 29 Roberts WC. Hazards of Mitral Valve Replacement for Mitral Stenosis Caused by Massive Mitral Annular Calcium With or Without Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis. The American journal of cardiology 2019. link 30 Mahfouz RA, Gouda M, Galal I, Amin MI. Right ventricular dyssynchrony and functional capacity before and after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis: Determinants and clinical impact. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2019. link 31 Samaan A, Nagy M, Wagdy K, Amin A, El Guindy A. Veno-arterial Loop Aiding Mitral Valve Crossing for Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty in a Patient With a Huge Left Atrium. The Journal of invasive cardiology 2018. link 32 Liu Y, Guo GL, Wen B, Wang S, Ou-Yang WB, Xie Y et al.. Feasibility and effectiveness of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty under echocardiographic guidance only. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2018. link 33 Sowdagar MA, Subba Reddy YV. Immediate impact of successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty on right and left ventricular functions: An echocardiographic study using load independent tissue velocity imaging indices. Indian heart journal 2018. link 34 Chien CY, Chen CW, Lin TK, Lin Y, Lin JW, Li YD et al.. Atrial deformation correlated with functional capacity in mitral stenosis patients. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2018. link 35 Miura S, Arita T, Domei T, Yamaji K, Soga Y, Hyodo M et al.. Impact of preprocedural atrial fibrillation on immediate and long-term outcomes after successful percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty of significant mitral stenosis. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2018. link 36 Arava TN, Durgaprasad R, Velam V, Gajjala OR, Neelam VK, Manohar SN. Spontaneous left atrial echo contrast, mitral annular systolic velocity, and left atrial appendage late emptying velocity in predicting improvement of left atrial function after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2018. link 37 Elmaghawry LM, El-Dosouky II, Kandil NT, Sayyid-Ahmad AMS. Pulmonary vascular resistance and proper timing of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2018. link 38 Dural M, Mert KU, İskenderov K. Evaluation of Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio in patients with mitral valve stenosis before and after balloon valvuloplasty. Anatolian journal of cardiology 2018. link 39 Ananthakrishna Pillai A, Ramasamy C, V SG, Kottyath H. Outcomes following balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant females with mitral stenosis and significant sub valve disease with severe decompensated heart failure. Journal of interventional cardiology 2018. link 40 Nanjappa V, Sadanand KS, Santhosh K, Basappa H, Manjunath CN, Nayak MH. Case series: Difficult PTMC using novel technique of veno-arterial looping. Indian heart journal 2017. link 41 Pourafkari L, Ghaffari S, Ahmadi M, Tajlil A, Aslanabadi N, Nader ND. Pulmonary hypertension in rheumatic mitral stenosis revisited. Herz 2017. link 42 Singh GD, Smith TW, Rogers JH. Mitral stenosis due to dynamic clip-leaflet interaction during the MitraClip procedure: Case report and review of current knowledge. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2017. link 43 Separham A, Pourafkari L, Bodagh H, Ghaffari S, Aslanabadi N, Nader ND. Predicting outcome after percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy : Role of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. Herz 2017. link 44 Cho IJ, Chang HJ, Lee SY, Shim CY, Hong GR, Chung N. Differential Impact of Net Atrioventricular Compliance on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Mitral Stenosis According to Cardiac Rhythm. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2017. link 45 Kang WS, Ko SM, Lee Y, Oh CS, Kwon MY, Muhammad H et al.. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for determination of the mitral valve area after mitral valve repair surgery for mitral stenosis. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2016. link 46 Ukita Y, Yuda S, Sugio H, Yonezawa A, Takayanagi Y, Masuda-Yamamoto H et al.. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of degenerative mitral stenosis. Journal of cardiology 2016. link 47 Ananthakrishna Pillai A, George G, Kottyen Thazhath H, Yerram S. Echocardiographic parameters for assessing successful balloon mitral valvuloplasty in juvenile age groups. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 48 Unal Aksu H, Gorgulu S, Diker M, Celik O, Aksu H, Ozturk D et al.. Cardiac Computed Tomography versus Echocardiography in the Assessment of Stenotic Rheumatic Mitral Valve. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2016. link 49 Roushdy AM, Raafat SS, Shams KA, El-Sayed MH. Immediate and short-term effect of balloon mitral valvuloplasty on global and regional biventricular function: a two-dimensional strain echocardiographic study. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging 2016. link 50 Kurakula N, Durgaprasad R, Velam V, Akula VS, Kasala L, Muvva KV. Predictive Value of D-Dimer Levels and Tissue Doppler Mitral Annular Systolic Velocity for Detection of Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients with Mitral Stenosis in Sinus Rhythm. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2016. link 51 Bastiaenen R, Sneddon J, Sharma R. Echocardiographic Assessment of Mantle Radiation Mitral Stenosis. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2016. link 52 Chakraborty S, Vadivelu R, Bagga S. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty under neuroprotection: Too Early for Knighthood. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2016. link 53 Saji M, Ragosta M, Dent J, Lim DS. Use of intracardiac echocardiography to guide percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy: A 20-patient case series. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2016. link 54 Cho IJ, Hong GR, Lee SH, Lee S, Chang BC, Shim CY et al.. Differences in Characteristics, Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling, and Functional Outcomes after Mitral Valve Replacement in Patients with Low-Gradient Very Severe Mitral Stenosis. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2016. link 55 Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG, Chee HK, Kim JS, Hwang HK et al.. Quantification of stenotic mitral valve area and diagnostic accuracy of mitral stenosis by dual-source computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and transthoracic echocardiography. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2015. link 56 İnci S, Erol MK, Bakırcı EM, Hamur H, Değirmenci H, Duman H et al.. Effect of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty on right ventricular functions in mitral stenosis: short- and mid-term results. Anatolian journal of cardiology 2015. link 57 Bogunovic N, Horstkotte D, Scholtz W, Faber L, Bogunovic L, van Buuren F. A differentiated morphological parameter-coding system to describe the suitability of mitral valve stenoses intended for percutaneous valvotomy. Heart and vessels 2015. link 58 Hertwig C, Haas NA, Habash S, Hanslik A, Kececioglu D, Sandica E et al.. The "Polar Light Sign" is a useful tool to detect discrete membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 59 Abhaichand RK, Sambasivam KA, Wilson B. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2015. link 60 Deng Y, Guo SL, Su HY, Wang Q, Tan Z, Wu J et al.. Left atrial asynchrony and mechanical function in patients with mitral stenosis before and immediately after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: a real time three-dimensional echocardiography study. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2015. link 61 Kirilmaz B, Asgun F, Saygi S, Ercan E. Decreased left ventricular torsion in patients with isolated mitral stenosis. Herz 2015. link 62 Farman MT, Khan N, Sial JA, Saghir T, Ashraf T, Rasool SI et al.. Predictors of successful percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy using the Bonhoeffer Multi-Track system in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis: Can we see beyond the Wilkins score?. Anatolian journal of cardiology 2015. link 63 Inci S, Nar G, Erol MK, Demirelli S, Duman H, Serdar S et al.. The effects of successful percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty on acute and intermediate term aortic stiffness. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2015. link 64 Porterfield H, Ashby M, Newman WP, McGoey R. Pathology Image of the Month: Mitral Stenosis at Autopsy. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society 2015. link 65 Demir K, Avci A, Altunkeser BB, Ugras NS. Is the thrombus truly free-floating? A case report. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2014. link 66 Sharma KH, Jain S, Shukla A, Bohora S, Roy B, Gandhi GD et al.. Patient profile and results of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in mitral restenosis following prior percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy vs surgical commissurotomy. Indian heart journal 2014. link 67 Roshdy HS, Meshrif AM, El-Dosouky II. Value of the mitral valve resistance in evaluation of symptomatic patients with mild and moderate mitral stenosis--a dobutamine stress echocardiographic study. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2014. link 68 Nunes MC, Tan TC, Elmariah S, do Lago R, Margey R, Cruz-Gonzalez I et al.. The echo score revisited: Impact of incorporating commissural morphology and leaflet displacement to the prediction of outcome for patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Circulation 2014. link 69 Helvacioglu F, Yildirimturk O, Duran C, Yurdakul S, Tayyareci Y, Ulusoy OL et al.. The evaluation of mitral valve stenosis: comparison of transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging 2014. link 70 Demirkan B, Guray Y, Guray U, Ege MR, Kisacik HL, Sasmaz H et al.. The acute effect of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty on atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with mitral stenosis. Herz 2013. link 71 Hamatani Y, Saito N, Tazaki J, Natsuaki M, Nakai K, Makiyama T et al.. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for bioprosthetic mitral valve stenosis. Heart and vessels 2013. link 72 Min SY, Song JM, Kim YJ, Park HK, Seo MO, Lee MS et al.. Discrepancy between mitral valve areas measured by two-dimensional planimetry and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2013. link 73 Panneerselvam A, Palanimuthu R. Modified technique of Joseph balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2013. link 74 Ancona R, Comenale Pinto S, Caso P, Di Salvo G, Severino S, D'Andrea A et al.. Two-dimensional atrial systolic strain imaging predicts atrial fibrillation at 4-year follow-up in asymptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2013. link 75 Manjunath CN, Panneerselvam A, Srinivasa KH, Prabhavathi B, Rangan K, Dhanalakshmi C et al.. Incidence and predictors of atrial septal defect after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy - a transesophageal echocardiographic study of 209 cases. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2013. link 76 Yildirimturk O, Helvacioglu FF, Tayyareci Y, Yurdakul S, Aytekin S. Assessment of right ventricular endocardial dysfunction in mild-to-moderate mitral stenosis patients using velocity vector imaging. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2012. link 77 Grimaldi A, Olivotto I, Figini F, Pappalardo F, Capritti E, Ammirati E et al.. Dynamic assessment of 'valvular reserve capacity' in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging 2012. link 78 Kaya MG, Akpek M, Elcik D, Kalay N, Yarlioglues M, Koc F et al.. Relation of left atrial spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in patients with mitral stenosis to inflammatory markers. The American journal of cardiology 2012. link 79 Jorge E, Baptista R, Faria H, Calisto J, Matos V, Gonçalves L et al.. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty predicts long-term adverse outcomes. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2012. link 80 Vohra HA, Whistance RN, Bezuska L, Livesey SA. Surgery for non-rheumatic calcific mitral stenosis. The Journal of heart valve disease 2011. link 81 Adavane S, Santhosh S, Karthikeyan S, Balachander J, Rajagopal S, Gobu P et al.. Decrease in left atrium volume after successful balloon mitral valvuloplasty: an echocardiographic and hemodynamic study. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2011. link 82 Kilickesmez KO, Ozkan AA, Abaci O, Camlıca H, Kocas C, Kaya A et al.. Serum N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide indicates exercise induced augmentation of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with mitral stenosis. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2011. link 83 Pressman GS, Agarwal A, Braitman LE, Muddassir SM. Mitral annular calcium causing mitral stenosis. The American journal of cardiology 2010. link 84 Ozdemir AO, Kaya CT, Ozdol C, Candemir B, Turhan S, Dincer I et al.. Two-dimensional longitudinal strain and strain rate imaging for assessing the right ventricular function in patients with mitral stenosis. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2010. link 85 Puri R, Dundon BK, Khurana S, Worthley MI, Edwards J, Worthley SG. Gross echocardiographic underestimation of mitral valve calcification--a near fatal experience. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 86 Chadha DS, Karthikeyan G, Goel K, Malani SK, Seth S, Singh S et al.. N-terminal pro-BNP plasma levels before and after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 87 Rifaie O, Samir S, Nammas W. Cardiac tamponade after mitral valvuloplasty in a pregnant woman. Acta cardiologica 2010. link 88 Anwar AM, Attia WM, Nosir YF, Soliman OI, Mosad MA, Othman M et al.. Validation of a new score for the assessment of mitral stenosis using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2010. link 89 Payne JR, Pathi V, Kelly R, Sonecki P. The use of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography in clarifying the mechanism underlying a 'flexing' strut of a mitral valve replacement. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 90 Coronel R, Langerveld J, Boersma LV, Wever EF, Bon L, van Dessel PF et al.. Left atrial pressure reduction for mitral stenosis reverses left atrial direction-dependent conduction abnormalities. Cardiovascular research 2010. link 91 Ozdemir AO, Kaya CT, Ozcan OU, Ozdol C, Candemir B, Turhan S et al.. Prediction of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction with longitudinal two-dimensional strain and strain rate imaging in patients with mitral stenosis. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2010. link 92 Malanca M, Cimadevilla C, Brochet E, Iung B, Vahanian A, Messika-Zeitoun D. Radiotherapy-induced mitral stenosis: a three-dimensional perspective. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2010. link 93 Leszek P, Klisiewicz A, Janas J, Różański J, Rywik T, Piotrowski W et al.. Determinants of the reduction in B-type natriuretic peptide after mitral valve replacement in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Clinical physiology and functional imaging 2010. link 94 Hamilton-Craig C, Anscombe R, Platts D, Burstow D, Slaughter R. Congenital mitral stenosis by multimodality cardiac imaging. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2009. link 95 Fawzy ME. Long-term results up to 19 years of mitral balloon valvuloplasty. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2009. link 96 Hameed AB, Mehra A, Rahimtoola SH. The role of catheter balloon commissurotomy for severe mitral stenosis in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology 2009. link 97 Anand A, Roy A, Bhargava B, Raj H, Barde PB, Vijayan VK. Early symptom-relief after valvulotomy in mitral stenosis indicates role of lobeline-sensitive intrapulmonary receptors. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 2009. link 98 Akram MR, Chan T, McAuliffe S, Chenzbraun A. Non-rheumatic annular mitral stenosis: prevalence and characteristics. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 99 Palaniswamy C, Selvaraj DR, Guleria R, Mohan A, Narang R. Airway hyper-reactivity in rheumatic mitral stenosis improves after balloon valvotomy. Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease 2009. link 100 Notrica M, Wisner J, Villagra L, Rossini A, Gonzalia D, Adaro M et al.. Life-saving percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty on a pregnant woman with refractory cardiogenic shock. Heart, lung & circulation 2009. link

Original source

[1]
Outcomes of Patients With Mitral Stenosis With Prior Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy Undergoing Mitral Valve Surgery. — Ruangsubvilai N, Au-Yeung K, Wongbuddha C, Shechter A, Patel V, Kaewkes D The American journal of cardiology (2026)
[2]
Clinical challenges in calcific mitral stenosis from diagnosis to management. — Kato N, Watanabe H, Pellikka PA, Guerrero M Journal of cardiology (2026)
[3]
Guiding Early Management in Severe Mitral Stenosis with Extensive Mitral Annular Calcification: A Transseptal ViMAC Case. — Fabris T, Strosio M, Putortì F, Mesiani C, Amadio A, Tripi S et al. The American journal of cardiology (2026)
[4]
Novel Wire-Assisted Mitral Commissurotomy Reduces Valve Crossing Time Compared to Inoue-Balloon Technique of Treating Mitral Stenosis, Randomized Controlled Trial (CROSSVal). — Oljira CF, Packer EJ, Dalen H, Omdal TR, Haaverstad R, Petros A et al. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions (2026)
[5]
Pulmonary Impedance and Wave Reflections in Adults with Mitral Stenosis: Immediate and Follow-Up Effects of Balloon Valvuloplasty. — Ting CT, Chen JW, Chang MS, Yin FC Annals of biomedical engineering (2025)
[6]
Sex-related differences in outcomes and prognosis of severe calcific mitral stenosis due to mitral annular calcification: A propensity-score matched cohort study. — Saijo Y, Okushi Y, Gillinov AM, Pettersson GB, Unai S, Grimm RA et al. International journal of cardiology (2025)
[7]
Determination of Inoue Balloon Size by Analysis of Mitral Valve Geometry Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients With Mitral Stenosis. — Kim MJ, Jung YJ, Lee SH, Sun BJ, Lee S, Ahn JM et al. The American journal of cardiology (2025)
[8]
Development and validation of a deep learning model for severe mitral stenosis detection from chest X-rays. — Li B, Zhao K, Liu A, Xu W, Tang Y, Yang K et al. Open heart (2025)
[9]
The Modified History of Juvenile Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Following Percutaneous Transmitral Commissurotomy: Intermediate-Term Outcomes From a Decadal Follow-Up Study. — Satheesan AP, Paraswanath BA, Subramanian AP, Setia MS, Mahimarangaiah J Heart, lung & circulation (2025)
[10]
Clinical and echocardiographic differences between rheumatic and degenerative mitral stenosis. — Leow R, Sia CH, Li TY, Chan MW, Lim EH, Ng LMJ et al. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore (2025)
[11]
Severity of Mitral Valve Stenosis　- Possible Relationships With Blood Oxidant Markers and Antioxidants. — Duz R, Cibuk S Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2024)
[12]
Outcomes of Severe Mitral Stenosis With the Revised Severity Criteria: Mitral Valve Replacement vs Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty. — Kim DY, Cho I, Kim K, Gwak SY, Ha KE, Lee HJ et al. The Canadian journal of cardiology (2024)
[13]
Temporal changes in characteristics, incidence, and mortality in patients undergoing surgical intervention for mitral stenosis. — Due HT, Petersen JK, Meulengracht DE, Smerup MH, Schmidt MR, Køber L et al. Scientific reports (2024)
[14]
Incidence of acute cerebrovascular events in patients with rheumatic or calcific mitral stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Siah QZ, Pang BY, Ye TT, Ho JS, Teo YH, Teo YN et al. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese (2023)
[15]
Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support to Demonstrate Pulmonary Hypertension Reversibility in Mitral Stenosis. — Sparks AT, Kawabori M, Chen FY, Couper GS ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) (2023)
[16]
Effects of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Liu B, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu P, Li T Acta cardiologica (2022)
[17]
Minimally Invasive Biochimney Technique for Postrepair Mitral Stenosis. — Zhu K, Pan S, Liu D, Wang C The Annals of thoracic surgery (2022)
[18]
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