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Dermatology1003 papers

Leprosy

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin, peripheral nerves, and other organs. It manifests in various forms, from tuberculoid (paucibacillary) to lepromatous (multibacillary), impacting individuals globally with significant social stigma 18.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Examination: Skin lesions and neurological deficits are primary indicators 1326.
  • Nerve Conduction Studies: Useful for assessing nerve damage 13.
  • Skin Smear and Biopsy: Confirmatory tests for bacillary load and histopathological features 132021.
  • Multidrug Therapy (MDT) Response: Indirect diagnostic marker in some cases 625.
  • Serological Tests: Limited utility; primarily used for epidemiological studies 66.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Rifampicin: Typically combined with other drugs 6. - Dapsone: Used in combination therapy 6. - Clofazimine: Added for multibacillary cases 6.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Corticosteroids: For managing reactions like Type 1 and Type 2 lepra reactions 1927. - Pain Management: For neuropathic pain 326. - Ophthalmic Care: Regular monitoring and interventions for ocular complications 2737.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Nutritional status significantly impacts morbidity 5.
  • Comorbidities: Coexistence with conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus noted 50.
  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications due to prolonged disease and polypharmacy 6.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Integrate Primary Health Care for Early Detection: Train primary health care workers in basic dermatology for early identification 24 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Multidisciplinary Approach for Comprehensive Care: Collaboration between dermatologists, ophthalmologists, and rheumatologists improves outcomes 2637 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Regular Monitoring for Reactions and Complications: Frequent clinical evaluations to manage lepra reactions and prevent severe complications like blindness 1927 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Address Stigma and Promote Public Health Education: Community-based education campaigns to reduce stigma and improve adherence 924 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Dodge T. Leprosy, Ancient, and Modern: A Review for Emergency Medicine Providers. Advanced emergency nursing journal 2025. link 2 Magaña M. Lucio's Leprosy and Lucio's Phenomenon: The Man Behind the Eponymous. The American Journal of dermatopathology 2025. link 3 Sharma S, Sharma P, Chandra UK, Kande S. Supraorbital neuralgia in leprosy. Practical neurology 2024. link 4 Ganjre SA, Jeria S, Madke B. Catastrophic ocular complications in leprosy: a case report. The Pan African medical journal 2023. link 5 Venkatakrishnan Y, Thangaraju P, Jeganathan S, Sankaran SK, Kannan R. Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community. Tropical doctor 2020. link 6 Cerqueira SRPS, Santos LSD, Morelo EF, Santos Júnior ACMD, Sousa CAF, Gonçalves RT et al.. The interference of polypharmacy and the importance of clinical pharmacy advice in the treatment of leprosy: a case-control study. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2020. link 7 Gaüzere BA, Aubry P. A medical enigma : what "gale chinoise (Chinese scabies)" meant 150 years ago. Medecine et sante tropicales 2017. link 8 Couto Dal Secco RG, França K, Castillo D, AlHarbi M, Lotti T, Fioranelli M et al.. A synopsis of the history of Hansen's disease. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2017. link 9 Lastória JC, Abreu MA. Brazilian Society of Dermatology against leprosy. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 2016. link 10 Raiol TK, Volpato SE, Santana JM, Ferreira IS, Takano DM. Leprosy associated with psoriasis. Leprosy review 2015. link 11 Porter RM, George SM. Review of the 94th Annual Meeting of the British Association of Dermatologists, Glasgow 2014. The British journal of dermatology 2015. link 12 Nelson CA, Kovarik CL, Morssink CB. Tele-leprology: a literature review of applications of telemedicine and tele-education to leprosy. Leprosy review 2014. link 13 Alves CR, Ribeiro MM, Melo EM, Araújo MG. Teaching of leprosy: current challenges. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 2014. link 14 Grzybowski A, Kluxen G, Pótorak K. Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912)--100 years anniversary tribute. Acta ophthalmologica 2014. link 15 Singh A, Ramesh V. Histopathological features in leprosy, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2013. link 16 Prasad S, Misra R, Aggarwal A, Lawrence A, Haroon N, Wakhlu A et al.. Leprosy revealed in a rheumatology clinic: a case series. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2013. link 17 Sarita S, Muhammed K, Najeeba R, Rajan GN, Anza K, Binitha MP et al.. A study on histological features of lepra reactions in patients attending the Dermatology Department of the Government Medical College, Calicut, Kerala, India. Leprosy review 2013. link 18 Roosta N, Black DS, Rea TH. A comparison of stigma among patients with leprosy in rural Tanzania and urban United States: a role for public health in dermatology. International journal of dermatology 2013. link 19 Travassos AR, Antunes J, Pacheco D, Almeida LS, Filipe P, Marques MS. Erythema nodosum leprosum associated with minocycline. Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2012. link 20 Lockwood DN, Nicholls P, Smith WC, Das L, Barkataki P, van Brakel W et al.. Comparing the clinical and histological diagnosis of leprosy and leprosy reactions in the INFIR cohort of Indian patients with multibacillary leprosy. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2012. link 21 Rodrigues LS, da Silva Maeda E, Moreira ME, Tempone AJ, Lobato LS, Ribeiro-Resende VT et al.. Mycobacterium leprae induces insulin-like growth factor and promotes survival of Schwann cells upon serum withdrawal. Cellular microbiology 2010. link 22 Nery JA, Lehman LF, Schreuder PA. Role of dermatologists in leprosy elimination and post-elimination era. Leprosy review 2007. link 23 Ryan TJ. Community dermatology inclusive of leprosy: its past present and future. Leprosy review 2007. link 24 Faye O, Hay RJ, Ryan TJ, Keita S, Traoré AK, Mahé A. A public health approach for leprosy detection based on a very short term-training of primary health care workers in basic dermatology. Leprosy review 2007. link 25 Oliveira ML, Penna GO, Telhari S. Role of dermatologists in leprosy elimination and post-elimination era: the Brazilian contribution. Leprosy review 2007. link 26 Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Elzaridi E, Awad A, Al-Fraikh H, Al-Amry M et al.. Initial diagnosis of leprosy in patients treated by an ophthalmologist and confirmation by conventional analysis and polymerase chain reaction. Ophthalmology 2007. link 27 Thompson KJ. The changing face of leprosy. The British journal of ophthalmology 2006. link 28 Pesce C, Grattarola M, Menini S, Fiallo P. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in vessels and nerves in reversal reaction leprosy. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2006. link 29 Wijesinghe PR, Settinayake S. An analysis of the pattern of detection of leprosy patients by institutions in the general health services in Sri Lanka after the integration of leprosy services into general health services. Leprosy review 2005. link 30 Job CK, Jayakumar J, McCormick G. Light and electron microscopic appearances of peripheral nerves from two lepromatous leprosy patients after 12 months of multidrug therapy and their significance. Indian journal of leprosy 2005. link 31 Chen SM, Zhang L, Liu DC, Liu HX. Assessment of knowledge and skills in early diagnosis of leprosy and attitudes towards leprosy amongst doctors working in dermatological services, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. Leprosy review 2004. link 32 Rohatgi J, Dhaliwal U, Singal A. Factors associated with sight threatening lesions of leprosy in patients on multidrug therapy. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2004. link 33 Marmor MF. The ophthalmic trials of G. H. A. Hansen. Survey of ophthalmology 2002. link00285-0) 34 Modlin RL. Learning from leprosy: insights into contemporary immunology from an ancient disease. Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology 2002. link 35 Griffiths S, Ready N. Defaulting patterns in a provincial leprosy control programme in Northern Mozambique. Leprosy review 2001. link 36 Samant R, Nadkar MY, Vaidya SS, Chhugani SJ, Balaji R, Borges NE. Leprosy: a close mimic in a rheumatology clinic. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1999. link 37 Hogeweg M. Strategies for improvement of management of ocular complications in leprosy. Indian journal of leprosy 1998. link 38 al-Qubati Y, al-Kubati AS. Dermatologists combat leprosy in Yemen. International journal of dermatology 1997. link 39 Jesudasan K, Vijayakumaran P, Mozhi NM, Rao PS. A leprosy survey in a taluk headquarters town and the role of dermatological services and active health education in its success--a preliminary report. Indian journal of leprosy 1996. link 40 Ryan TJ. United Nations and nongovernmental organizations. Healthy skin for all. Dermatologic clinics 1994. link 41 Palande DD, Bowden RE. Early detection of damage to nerves in leprosy. Leprosy review 1992. link 42 Suite M, Gittens C. Attitudes towards leprosy in the outpatient population of dermatology clinics in Trinidad. Leprosy review 1992. link 43 Nogueira LA. A case of isolated tuberculoid leprosy of brachial cutaneous nerve. Acta leprologica 1990. link 44 Foster RL, Sanchez AL, Stuyvesant W, Foster FN, Small C, Lau BH. Nutrition in leprosy: a review. International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association 1988. link 45 Guha PK, Pandey SS, Singh G. "Sporotrichoid nerve abscess". Indian journal of leprosy 1987. link 46 Arora SK, Mukhija RD. Pure neural leprosy in a child: a case report. Indian journal of leprosy 1987. link 47 Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK, Husain S, Ramu G, Lavania RK, Desikan KV. Scalp lesion in a lepromatous patient--case report. Indian journal of leprosy 1987. link 48 Findlay GH. Samuel Patton Impey, M.D. (Aberdeen) (1856-1928). Cape Town's primordial leprologist, dermatologist, radiotherapist and rock-art enthusiast. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1987. link 49 Dhopavkar PV, Lele VR, Kher AV, Kherdekar M, Grover S. Amyloid goiter--a case report. Indian journal of leprosy 1986. link 50 Ohkawa S, Ozaki M, Izumi S. Lepromatous leprosy complicated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatologica 1985. link 51 Gupta CM, Tutakne MA, Tiwari VD, Chakrabarty N. Inoculation leprosy subsequent to dog bite. A case report. Indian journal of leprosy 1984. link 52 Lamba PA, Santoshkumar D. Repositioning of pupil for visual disability. Indian journal of leprosy 1984. link 53 Pandya SS. Surgery on the peripheral nerves in leprosy. Neurosurgical review 1983. link 54 Morley KD, Vickers HR, Hughes GR. An unusual cause of arthritis. Postgraduate medical journal 1983. link 55 Grover S, Bobhate SK, Chaubey BS. Renal abnormality in leprosy. Leprosy in India 1983. link 56 Sengupta U, Ramu G, Desikan KV. Further modification on the haemolysis method in determining bacteraemia in leprosy patients. Leprosy in India 1983. link 57 Phadnis MC, Mehta MC, Bharaswadker MS, Kolhatkar MK, Bulakh PM. Study of renal changes in leprosy. International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association 1982. link 58 Gupta SC, Bajaj AK, Govil DC, Sinha SN, Kumar R. A study of percutaneous renal biopsy in lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy in India 1981. link 59 Pannikar VK, Arunthathi S. Leprosy in an albino. Leprosy in India 1981. link 60 Mukherjee A, Girdhar BK, Desikan KV. Leprous phlebitis. International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association 1980. link 61 Herrerias JM, Ariza A, Garrido M. Laparoscopic aspects of lepromatous leprosy. Endoscopy 1980. link 62 Karat AB. Complications of leprosy. Leprosy in India 1978. link 63 Bedi TR, Kaur S, Singhal PC, Kumar B, Banerjee CK. Fatal proliferative glomerulonephritis in lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy in India 1977. link 64 Chapman RS, Forsyth A. Tuberculoid leprosy. The Practitioner 1976. link 65 Padma MN, Premanath M, Desikan KV. Bacillaemia in reactive states of leprosy. Leprosy in India 1976. link 66 Matsuo E, Skinsnes OK. Immunologic identification of M. leprae. Immunofluorescence and complement fixation. International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association 1976. link 67 . Immunological problems in leprosy research. 2. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1973. link 68 Estrada-Parra S. Immunochemical identification of a defined antigen of Mycobacterium leprae. Infection and immunity 1972. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Leprosy, Ancient, and Modern: A Review for Emergency Medicine Providers. — Dodge T Advanced emergency nursing journal (2025)
    2. [2]
      Lucio's Leprosy and Lucio's Phenomenon: The Man Behind the Eponymous. — Magaña M The American Journal of dermatopathology (2025)
    3. [3]
      Supraorbital neuralgia in leprosy. — Sharma S, Sharma P, Chandra UK, Kande S Practical neurology (2024)
    4. [4]
      Catastrophic ocular complications in leprosy: a case report. — Ganjre SA, Jeria S, Madke B The Pan African medical journal (2023)
    5. [5]
      Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community. — Venkatakrishnan Y, Thangaraju P, Jeganathan S, Sankaran SK, Kannan R Tropical doctor (2020)
    6. [6]
      The interference of polypharmacy and the importance of clinical pharmacy advice in the treatment of leprosy: a case-control study. — Cerqueira SRPS, Santos LSD, Morelo EF, Santos Júnior ACMD, Sousa CAF, Gonçalves RT et al. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical (2020)
    7. [7]
      A medical enigma : what "gale chinoise (Chinese scabies)" meant 150 years ago. — Gaüzere BA, Aubry P Medecine et sante tropicales (2017)
    8. [8]
      A synopsis of the history of Hansen's disease. — Couto Dal Secco RG, França K, Castillo D, AlHarbi M, Lotti T, Fioranelli M et al. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) (2017)
    9. [9]
      Brazilian Society of Dermatology against leprosy. — Lastória JC, Abreu MA Anais brasileiros de dermatologia (2016)
    10. [10]
      Leprosy associated with psoriasis. — Raiol TK, Volpato SE, Santana JM, Ferreira IS, Takano DM Leprosy review (2015)
    11. [11]
      Review of the 94th Annual Meeting of the British Association of Dermatologists, Glasgow 2014. — Porter RM, George SM The British journal of dermatology (2015)
    12. [12]
      Tele-leprology: a literature review of applications of telemedicine and tele-education to leprosy. — Nelson CA, Kovarik CL, Morssink CB Leprosy review (2014)
    13. [13]
      Teaching of leprosy: current challenges. — Alves CR, Ribeiro MM, Melo EM, Araújo MG Anais brasileiros de dermatologia (2014)
    14. [14]
      Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912)--100 years anniversary tribute. — Grzybowski A, Kluxen G, Pótorak K Acta ophthalmologica (2014)
    15. [15]
      Histopathological features in leprosy, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. — Singh A, Ramesh V Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology (2013)
    16. [16]
      Leprosy revealed in a rheumatology clinic: a case series. — Prasad S, Misra R, Aggarwal A, Lawrence A, Haroon N, Wakhlu A et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2013)
    17. [17]
      A study on histological features of lepra reactions in patients attending the Dermatology Department of the Government Medical College, Calicut, Kerala, India. — Sarita S, Muhammed K, Najeeba R, Rajan GN, Anza K, Binitha MP et al. Leprosy review (2013)
    18. [18]
      A comparison of stigma among patients with leprosy in rural Tanzania and urban United States: a role for public health in dermatology. — Roosta N, Black DS, Rea TH International journal of dermatology (2013)
    19. [19]
      Erythema nodosum leprosum associated with minocycline. — Travassos AR, Antunes J, Pacheco D, Almeida LS, Filipe P, Marques MS Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica (2012)
    20. [20]
      Comparing the clinical and histological diagnosis of leprosy and leprosy reactions in the INFIR cohort of Indian patients with multibacillary leprosy. — Lockwood DN, Nicholls P, Smith WC, Das L, Barkataki P, van Brakel W et al. PLoS neglected tropical diseases (2012)
    21. [21]
      Mycobacterium leprae induces insulin-like growth factor and promotes survival of Schwann cells upon serum withdrawal. — Rodrigues LS, da Silva Maeda E, Moreira ME, Tempone AJ, Lobato LS, Ribeiro-Resende VT et al. Cellular microbiology (2010)
    22. [22]
      Role of dermatologists in leprosy elimination and post-elimination era. — Nery JA, Lehman LF, Schreuder PA Leprosy review (2007)
    23. [23]
      Community dermatology inclusive of leprosy: its past present and future. — Ryan TJ Leprosy review (2007)
    24. [24]
      A public health approach for leprosy detection based on a very short term-training of primary health care workers in basic dermatology. — Faye O, Hay RJ, Ryan TJ, Keita S, Traoré AK, Mahé A Leprosy review (2007)
    25. [25]
      Role of dermatologists in leprosy elimination and post-elimination era: the Brazilian contribution. — Oliveira ML, Penna GO, Telhari S Leprosy review (2007)
    26. [26]
      Initial diagnosis of leprosy in patients treated by an ophthalmologist and confirmation by conventional analysis and polymerase chain reaction. — Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Elzaridi E, Awad A, Al-Fraikh H, Al-Amry M et al. Ophthalmology (2007)
    27. [27]
      The changing face of leprosy. — Thompson KJ The British journal of ophthalmology (2006)
    28. [28]
      Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in vessels and nerves in reversal reaction leprosy. — Pesce C, Grattarola M, Menini S, Fiallo P The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2006)
    29. [29]
      An analysis of the pattern of detection of leprosy patients by institutions in the general health services in Sri Lanka after the integration of leprosy services into general health services. — Wijesinghe PR, Settinayake S Leprosy review (2005)
    30. [30]
      Light and electron microscopic appearances of peripheral nerves from two lepromatous leprosy patients after 12 months of multidrug therapy and their significance. — Job CK, Jayakumar J, McCormick G Indian journal of leprosy (2005)
    31. [31]
      Assessment of knowledge and skills in early diagnosis of leprosy and attitudes towards leprosy amongst doctors working in dermatological services, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. — Chen SM, Zhang L, Liu DC, Liu HX Leprosy review (2004)
    32. [32]
      Factors associated with sight threatening lesions of leprosy in patients on multidrug therapy. — Rohatgi J, Dhaliwal U, Singal A Journal of the Indian Medical Association (2004)
    33. [33]
      The ophthalmic trials of G. H. A. Hansen. — Marmor MF Survey of ophthalmology (2002)
    34. [34]
      Learning from leprosy: insights into contemporary immunology from an ancient disease. — Modlin RL Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology (2002)
    35. [35]
      Defaulting patterns in a provincial leprosy control programme in Northern Mozambique. — Griffiths S, Ready N Leprosy review (2001)
    36. [36]
      Leprosy: a close mimic in a rheumatology clinic. — Samant R, Nadkar MY, Vaidya SS, Chhugani SJ, Balaji R, Borges NE The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India (1999)
    37. [37]
      Strategies for improvement of management of ocular complications in leprosy. — Hogeweg M Indian journal of leprosy (1998)
    38. [38]
      Dermatologists combat leprosy in Yemen. — al-Qubati Y, al-Kubati AS International journal of dermatology (1997)
    39. [39]
      A leprosy survey in a taluk headquarters town and the role of dermatological services and active health education in its success--a preliminary report. — Jesudasan K, Vijayakumaran P, Mozhi NM, Rao PS Indian journal of leprosy (1996)
    40. [40]
      United Nations and nongovernmental organizations. Healthy skin for all. — Ryan TJ Dermatologic clinics (1994)
    41. [41]
      Early detection of damage to nerves in leprosy. — Palande DD, Bowden RE Leprosy review (1992)
    42. [42]
      Attitudes towards leprosy in the outpatient population of dermatology clinics in Trinidad. — Suite M, Gittens C Leprosy review (1992)
    43. [43]
      A case of isolated tuberculoid leprosy of brachial cutaneous nerve. — Nogueira LA Acta leprologica (1990)
    44. [44]
      Nutrition in leprosy: a review. — Foster RL, Sanchez AL, Stuyvesant W, Foster FN, Small C, Lau BH International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association (1988)
    45. [45]
      "Sporotrichoid nerve abscess". — Guha PK, Pandey SS, Singh G Indian journal of leprosy (1987)
    46. [46]
      Pure neural leprosy in a child: a case report. — Arora SK, Mukhija RD Indian journal of leprosy (1987)
    47. [47]
      Scalp lesion in a lepromatous patient--case report. — Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK, Husain S, Ramu G, Lavania RK, Desikan KV Indian journal of leprosy (1987)
    48. [48]
      Samuel Patton Impey, M.D. (Aberdeen) (1856-1928). Cape Town's primordial leprologist, dermatologist, radiotherapist and rock-art enthusiast. — Findlay GH South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (1987)
    49. [49]
      Amyloid goiter--a case report. — Dhopavkar PV, Lele VR, Kher AV, Kherdekar M, Grover S Indian journal of leprosy (1986)
    50. [50]
      Lepromatous leprosy complicated with systemic lupus erythematosus. — Ohkawa S, Ozaki M, Izumi S Dermatologica (1985)
    51. [51]
      Inoculation leprosy subsequent to dog bite. A case report. — Gupta CM, Tutakne MA, Tiwari VD, Chakrabarty N Indian journal of leprosy (1984)
    52. [52]
      Repositioning of pupil for visual disability. — Lamba PA, Santoshkumar D Indian journal of leprosy (1984)
    53. [53]
      Surgery on the peripheral nerves in leprosy. — Pandya SS Neurosurgical review (1983)
    54. [54]
      An unusual cause of arthritis. — Morley KD, Vickers HR, Hughes GR Postgraduate medical journal (1983)
    55. [55]
      Renal abnormality in leprosy. — Grover S, Bobhate SK, Chaubey BS Leprosy in India (1983)
    56. [56]
      Further modification on the haemolysis method in determining bacteraemia in leprosy patients. — Sengupta U, Ramu G, Desikan KV Leprosy in India (1983)
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      Study of renal changes in leprosy. — Phadnis MC, Mehta MC, Bharaswadker MS, Kolhatkar MK, Bulakh PM International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association (1982)
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      A study of percutaneous renal biopsy in lepromatous leprosy. — Gupta SC, Bajaj AK, Govil DC, Sinha SN, Kumar R Leprosy in India (1981)
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      Leprosy in an albino. — Pannikar VK, Arunthathi S Leprosy in India (1981)
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      Leprous phlebitis. — Mukherjee A, Girdhar BK, Desikan KV International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association (1980)
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      Laparoscopic aspects of lepromatous leprosy. — Herrerias JM, Ariza A, Garrido M Endoscopy (1980)
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      Complications of leprosy. — Karat AB Leprosy in India (1978)
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      Fatal proliferative glomerulonephritis in lepromatous leprosy. — Bedi TR, Kaur S, Singhal PC, Kumar B, Banerjee CK Leprosy in India (1977)
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      Tuberculoid leprosy. — Chapman RS, Forsyth A The Practitioner (1976)
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      Bacillaemia in reactive states of leprosy. — Padma MN, Premanath M, Desikan KV Leprosy in India (1976)
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      Immunologic identification of M. leprae. Immunofluorescence and complement fixation. — Matsuo E, Skinsnes OK International journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases : official organ of the International Leprosy Association (1976)
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      Immunological problems in leprosy research. 2. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (1973)
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      Immunochemical identification of a defined antigen of Mycobacterium leprae. — Estrada-Parra S Infection and immunity (1972)
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