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Geriatrics1058 papers

Acute megaloblastic anemia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acute megaloblastic anemia is characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis due to impaired DNA synthesis, often resulting from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. It presents with symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and macrocytic anemia, requiring prompt intervention to prevent severe complications. 2530

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Fatigue, weakness, pallor, glossitis, and neurological symptoms.
  • Laboratory Findings: Macrocytic anemia, low reticulocyte count, hypersegmented neutrophils.
  • Recommended Tests: Serum vitamin B12 levels, methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels, serum folate levels.
  • Differentiation: Distinguish from other causes of macrocytic anemia (e.g., iron deficiency, thalassemia).
  • 253045

    Management

  • First-Line Treatment:
  • - Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Intramuscular vitamin B12 supplementation (1 mg typically). - Folate Deficiency: Oral or parenteral folate supplementation (1-5 mg daily).
  • Adjunctive Measures:
  • - Correct underlying causes (e.g., malabsorption syndromes, dietary deficiencies). - Monitor blood counts and reticulocyte response regularly. 253045

    Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of polypharmacy and potential drug interactions affecting absorption or metabolism of vitamin B12. Comprehensive medication review recommended. 2910
  • Pediatrics: Rare but requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid developmental delays. Parenteral vitamin B12 may be necessary. 25
  • Comorbidities: Patients with severe mental illness may have altered nutritional status and absorption issues; consider psychotropic drug interactions affecting vitamin B12 levels. 1436
  • 2910142536

    Key Recommendations

  • Initiate vitamin B12 supplementation with intramuscular injections for confirmed deficiency (Evidence: Strong 25).
  • Conduct comprehensive medication review in elderly patients to identify potential causes of deficiency or interactions (Evidence: Moderate 29).
  • Monitor clinical and laboratory parameters closely post-treatment to ensure response and adjust therapy as needed (Evidence: Moderate 25).
  • Consider underlying causes such as malabsorption syndromes in patients with persistent deficiency despite supplementation (Evidence: Expert opinion 30).
  • Evaluate for polypharmacy impacts in elderly patients to prevent and manage prescribing cascades (Evidence: Moderate 9).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 256 indexed papers.

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Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) at 20 years: Challenges of an emergency research network. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2025. link 6 Lauridsen H, Larsen JJ, Schmidt TA. Emergency medicine as a driver of hospital efficiency. Danish medical journal 2025. link 7 Péloquin F, Marmen É, Gélinas V, Plaisance A, Linteau M, Nolet A et al.. Discussions about goals of care in the emergency department: a qualitative study of emergency physicians' opinions using the normalization process theory. CJEM 2025. link 8 Castellón GC, Pavón FJG, Panicot JE, Vilches-Moraga A. Contrasting clinical and care features in British and Spanish Acute Geriatric Units (AGUs). Revista espanola de geriatria y gerontologia 2025. link 9 Daunt R, McGettigan S, Kelly L, Curtin D, O'Mahony D. Detection of Potential Prescribing Cascades in Multimorbid Older Patients Hospitalised with Acute Illness-An Observational Prospective Prevalence Study. Drugs & aging 2025. link 10 Masnoon N, Lo S, Gnjidic D, McLachlan AJ, Blyth FM, Burke R et al.. Impact of in-hospital medication changes on clinical outcomes in older inpatients: the journey and destination. Age and ageing 2025. link 11 Yao H, Peng Z, Huang Y, Xiao S, Wu R. Gaps in the detection of drug-drug interactions between antipsychotic and cardiometabolic medications: a multisource analysis. BMC medicine 2025. link 12 Shirane S, Hamada R, Morikawa Y, Harada R, Hamasaki Y, Ishikura K et al.. Frequency and severity of hyponatremia in healthy children with acute illness. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2025. link 13 Richards-Belle A, Launders N, Hardoon S, Man KKC, Davies NM, Bramon E et al.. Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events with aripiprazole versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in severe mental illness: a target trial emulation. Nature communications 2025. link 14 Halstead S, Cao C, Høgnason Mohr G, Ebdrup BH, Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA et al.. Prevalence of multimorbidity in people with and without severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet. Psychiatry 2024. link00091-9) 15 Granton D, Rodrigues M, Raparelli V, Honarmand K, Agarwal A, Friedrich JO et al.. Sex and gender-based analysis and diversity metric reporting in acute care trials published in high-impact journals: a systematic review. BMJ open 2024. link 16 Roland D, Horeczko T, Snelson E. Not too sick, not too well: reducing the diagnostic void in pediatric emergency medicine. Pediatric research 2024. link 17 Yinusa W. Emergency Medicine as a Medical Speciality in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal 2024. link 18 Freitag M, Franzen J, Just KS, Eisert A, Bollheimer LC, Laurentius T. Pharmacist-Led Medication Management in Acute Geriatric Medicine and Its Associations with Rehospitalizations: A Cohort Study. Gerontology 2024. link 19 Resnyk J, Weichold A. Barriers to learning and performing point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS): An integrative review. Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing 2024. link 20 Vancraeynest L, Vermeer M, Iacovelli M, Naert C, Coget Z, Toussaint E et al.. Physiotherapy in acute geriatrics wards: What (de)motivates patients? A qualitative study based on self-determination theory. BMC geriatrics 2024. link 21 Arvidsson SA, Biegus KR, Ekdahl AW. The impact of a mobile geriatric acute team on healthcare consumption. European geriatric medicine 2024. link 22 Murch N. Guest Editorial - Acute Medicine Curriculum: "Pulling everything together". Acute medicine 2023. link 23 Kozyak BW, Yuerek M, Conlon TW. Contemporary Use of Ultrasonography in Acute Care Pediatrics. Indian journal of pediatrics 2023. link 24 Donoso Calero MI, Mordillo-Mateos L, Martín-Conty JL, Polonio-López B, López-González Á, Durantez-Fernández C et al.. Modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score-Lactate (mREMS-L) performance to screen non-anticipated 30-day-related-mortality in emergency department. European journal of clinical investigation 2023. link 25 Supples MW, Liao M, O'Donnell DP, Duszynski TJ, Glober NK. Descriptive analysis of emergency medical services 72-hour repeat patient encounters in a single, Urban Agency. The American journal of emergency medicine 2023. link 26 Mpango RS, Ssembajjwe W, Rukundo GZ, Birungi C, Kalungi A, Gadow KD et al.. Physical and psychiatric comorbidities among patients with severe mental illness as seen in Uganda. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2023. link 27 Rezai M, Fullwood C, Hird B, Chawla M, Tetlow L, Banerjee I et al.. Cortisol Levels During Acute Illnesses in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JAMA network open 2022. link 28 Bonkat N, Fellendorf FT, Dalkner N, Reininghaus EZ. Severe mental disorders and vaccinations - a systematic review. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 2022. link 29 Prust ML, Mbonde A, Rubinos C, Shrestha GS, Komolafe M, Saylor D et al.. Providing Neurocritical Care in Resource-Limited Settings: Challenges and Opportunities. Neurocritical care 2022. link 30 Maleczek M, Rubi S, Fohringer C, Scheriau G, Meyer E, Uray T et al.. Medical care at a mass gathering music festival : Retrospective study over 7 years (2011-2017). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2022. link 31 Albutt A, Roland D, Lawton R, Conner M, O'Hara J. Capturing Parents' Perspectives of Child Wellness to Support Identification of Acutely Unwell Children in the Emergency Department. Journal of patient safety 2022. link 32 Burley J, Samir N, Price A, Parker A, Zhu A, Eapen V et al.. Connecting Healthcare with Income Maximisation Services: A Systematic Review on the Health, Wellbeing and Financial Impacts for Families with Young Children. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 33 Falkai P, Schmitt A, Rosenbeiger CP, Maurus I, Hattenkofer L, Hasan A et al.. Aerobic exercise in severe mental illness: requirements from the perspective of sports medicine. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2022. link 34 Wang A, McCabe M, Gow-Lee E, James S, Austin B, Wailes D et al.. Evaluation of a survey for acute care programme directors on the utilisation of point-of-care ultrasound. Postgraduate medical journal 2022. link 35 Nguyen KH, Tolia V, Hart LA. Polypharmacy in the Emergency Department. Clinics in geriatric medicine 2022. link 36 Hu J, McMillan SS, Theodoros T, Collins JC, El-Den S, O'Reilly CL et al.. Psychotropic medication use in people living with severe and persistent mental illness in the Australian community: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry 2022. link 37 Riley K, Hupcey J. Person-Centered Care Considerations for End-of-Life Care to Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness. Journal of gerontological nursing 2022. link 38 Sarzynski SH, Mancera A, Mann C, Dai M, Sun J, Warner S et al.. Frequency and Risk of Emergency Medical Service Interhospital Transportation of Patients With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illness During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US. JAMA 2022. link 39 Lambert AM, Parretti HM, Pearce E, Price MJ, Riley M, Ryan R et al.. Temporal trends in associations between severe mental illness and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine 2022. link 40 Castillo-Martínez L, Bernal-Ceballos F, Reyes-Paz Y, Hernández-Gilsoul T. Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2022. link 41 Stretch B, Jakubowska A, Patel M, Waite M, Xu A. Medical training in acute specialties: the acute care common stem training pathway. 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Vulnerability and agency across treatment-seeking journeys for acutely ill children: how family members navigate complex healthcare before, during and after hospitalisation in a rural Kenyan setting. International journal for equity in health 2020. link 55 Schumacher JG, Hirshon JM, Magidson P, Chrisman M, Hogan T. Tracking the Rise of Geriatric Emergency Departments in the United States. Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society 2020. link 56 Yamane DP. Pearls and Pitfalls in the Crashing Geriatric Patient. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2020. link 57 Denholm R, Morris R, Purdy S, Payne R. Impact of emergency hospital admissions on patterns of primary care prescribing: a retrospective cohort analysis of electronic records in England. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 2020. link 58 Shin J, Han SH, Choi J, Kim YS, Lee J. The Experience of Providing Older Adult Patients with Transitional Care from an Acute Care Hospital to Home in Cooperation with a Public Health Center. Journal of Korean medical science 2020. link 59 Furness T, Giandinoto JA, Wordie-Thompson E, Woolley S, Dempster V, Foster K. Improving physical health outcomes for people with severe mental illness: A proof-of-concept study of nurse practitioner candidate practice. International journal of mental health nursing 2020. link 60 Mehta N, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Schulman C, O'Connell F, Pourmand A. Sex-based pharmacotherapy in acute care setting, a narrative review for emergency providers. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 61 Olgers TJ, Azizi N, Blans MJ, Bosch FH, Gans ROB, Ter Maaten JC. Point-of-care Ultrasound (PoCUS) for the internist in Acute Medicine: a uniform curriculum. The Netherlands journal of medicine 2019. link 62 Ouchi K, Strout T, Haydar S, Baker O, Wang W, Bernacki R et al.. 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