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Allergy & Immunology6394 papers

Autoimmune disease

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Autoimmune diseases arise from dysregulated immune responses targeting self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage across multiple organ systems 1. These conditions disproportionately affect women, particularly during reproductive transitions 2.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Characteristic symptoms and signs specific to the autoimmune disease 112.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers, autoantibodies (e.g., ANA, specific autoantibodies for specific diseases), and comprehensive blood work 22212.
  • Imaging: Utilization of PET-CT for assessing disease activity and extent in certain conditions 20.
  • Genetic Testing: Whole-exome sequencing (NGS) to identify genetic predispositions 40.
  • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
  • - Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): For symptomatic relief 18. - Glucocorticoids: High-dose for acute flares, monitored using the Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index (GTI) 18.
  • Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs):
  • - Conventional DMARDs: Methotrexate, leflunomide 16. - Biologic DMARDs: TNF inhibitors, rituximab, IL-6 inhibitors 1643.
  • Adjunctive Therapies:
  • - Janus Kinase Inhibitors (JAKis): For refractory cases, with monitoring for cardiovascular risks 82930. - Hydroxychloroquine: For mild to moderate conditions, caution with overdose due to severe toxicity 27.

    Special Populations

  • Pregnancy:
  • - Vaccination Considerations: Updated recommendations for vaccination in pediatric autoimmune patients 60. - Fetal and Maternal Outcomes: Close monitoring for adverse cardiac outcomes 15.
  • Pediatrics:
  • - Combined Clinics: Integration of dermatology and rheumatology expertise for comprehensive care 41. - Rituximab Use: Careful evaluation and monitoring by pediatric rheumatologists 43.
  • Elderly:
  • - Increased Cardiovascular Risk: Regular assessment for heart failure and cardiovascular events 37.
  • Comorbidities:
  • - Infection Risk: Increased vigilance with JAK inhibitors and other immunomodulators 82930.

    Key Recommendations

  • Utilize Comprehensive Diagnostic Workup: Include clinical evaluation, autoantibody testing, and imaging as needed for accurate diagnosis (Evidence: Moderate 220).
  • Tailor Treatment Based on Disease Severity: Initiate with NSAIDs and glucocorticoids for mild cases, escalate to DMARDs and biologics for moderate to severe disease (Evidence: Strong 1618).
  • Monitor for Cardiovascular Risks: Especially in elderly patients and those on JAK inhibitors, regular cardiovascular assessments are crucial (Evidence: Moderate 3729).
  • Consider Genetic Testing for Personalized Management: Use NGS to identify genetic predispositions and tailor treatment strategies (Evidence: Moderate 40).
  • Evaluate Vaccine Hesitancy and Provide Evidence-Based Information: Address vaccine hesitancy through trusted healthcare professional guidance (Evidence: Moderate 3).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 554 indexed papers.

    1 Kayser S, Nagler A. CAR T cells and T cell engagers for autoimmunity-lessons from hematology. Bone marrow transplantation 2026. link 2 Cavagna L, Lenti MV, Cucinella L, Bottazzi F, Di Sabatino A, Nappi RE. Reproductive transitions and autoimmunity: implications for women's health in rheumatology and gastroenterology. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology 2026. link 3 Carrozzo G, Colaneri M, Cossu MV, Pagano S, Mutti A, Colombo V et al.. Source of vaccine information and trust in health care professionals influence vaccine hesitancy in rheumatology patients in Italy. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2026. link 4 Weaver M, Walsh M, Abidov A, Kumar B. Penicillin and Beta-lactam Antibiotic Allergies in Rheumatology: A Scoping Review. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2026. link 5 Falasinnu T, Le N, Wang Y, Alagappan A, Walker A, Park T et al.. Pharmacoepidemiologic characterization of cannabis use and symptomatology in rheumatology using natural language processing of electronic health record clinic notes. The journal of pain 2026. link 6 Gowda SK, Gupta S, Verma KK, Gupta V. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in dermatology: A narrative review. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2026. link 7 Fillatreau S, Hao Y. The discovery of regulatory T cells: a paradigm shift in immunology. Cellular immunology 2026. link 8 Altınöz Güney C, Koç HA. Investigation of infection risk associated with Janus kinase inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System database. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2026. link 9 Lai L, Ran S, Li Y, Cui J, Zhang X, Yu J et al.. Cytotoxic CD4. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 2026. link 10 Zhang H, Janszky I, Arkema EV, Wang H, Möller J, Liang Y et al.. Autoimmune Diseases and Incident Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study. Neurology 2026. link 11 de Carvalho JF, Caldas CAM. From Aortitis to Sweet's: The Immune Spectrum of G-CSF Adverse Events. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2026. link 12 Fakikh Y, Kazzaz S, Malahfji M. Pericarditis in Patients with Autoimmune Disease: Insights into Prevalence and Optimal Management. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 13 Hysa E, Gotelli E, Pizzorni C, Paolino S, Sulli A, Smith V et al.. A matter arising: When should inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases be considered 'early'?. European journal of clinical investigation 2026. link 14 Zhang J, Fang X, Ye Q, Yin X, Ye D. The shared genetic architecture underlying the autoimmune and cardiovascular disease: a multivariate genome-wide analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology 2026. link 15 Manouchehri E, Jazayerinezhad N, Oskoueyan Z, Larki M, Khodashahi M, Sahebari M. Fetal and maternal adverse cardiac outcomes in rheumatic diseases: A systematic review. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2025. link 16 Huston KK. Recent Advances in Rheumatology. Missouri medicine 2025. link 17 Clark RA. Trouble at the border: An invading gut bacterium can break tolerance to self-RNA. Science immunology 2025. link 18 Bahap-Kara M, Sariyildiz E, Zengin HY, Karadag O, Bayraktar-Ekincioglu A. Prospective assessment of glucocorticoid toxicity in rheumatology practice: a focus on the glucocorticoid toxicity index. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025. link 19 Niño-Torres D, Quintana-López G, Salguero G. From myth to bedside: a scoping review of the applications of the chimeric antigen receptor in rheumatology. Clinical and experimental medicine 2025. link 20 Denizhan TK, Kaplan H, Kızıltepe M, Kökoğlu EO, Cengiz CB, Abdulrezzak U et al.. PET-CT indications and contributions to diagnosis in the rheumatology clinic: a retrospective analysis. Clinical rheumatology 2025. link 21 Herndon S, Kimball J, Ross L, Homann S, Faison MN, Lee YA et al.. Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Rheumatology. Journal of palliative medicine 2025. link 22 Sunar Yayla EN, Bakkaloğlu SA. Using Antinuclear Antibody Testing in Pediatric Rheumatology. Clinical pediatrics 2025. link 23 Vartela V, Pepe A, Fragos I, Mavrogeni SI. Multi-Modality Imaging in Cardio-Rheumatology. Current cardiology reports 2025. link 24 Ye C, Nikolic RPA, Choi M, Fifi-Mah AV, Graham J, O'Neil LJ et al.. Canadian Rheumatology Association/Canadian Research Group of Rheumatology in Immuno-Oncology Living Guidelines for Baseline Immunosuppression in Individuals With Preexisting Rheumatic Diseases Initiating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Part 2: Preexisting Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. The Journal of rheumatology 2025. link 25 Offord C. Research on immune system's 'police' garners Nobel. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 26 Seamann A, Bennett-Boehm M, Ehrlich R, Gil A, Selin L, Ghersi D. TRain: T-cell receptor automated immunoinformatics. BMC bioinformatics 2025. link 27 Giese DW, Ernste KM, Gilani MB. Intentional Hydroxychloroquine Overdose Leading to Severe Hypotension and Multiorgan Failure. WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin 2025. link 28 Sisi W, Sheng D, Yuting H, Rong Y, Shao L. A real-world safety analysis of infection-related adverse events associated with belimumab, rituximab, and TNF inhibitors using the FAERS database. Scientific reports 2025. link 29 Zhong X, Luo J, Huang Y, Wang S, Huang Y. Cardiovascular safety of Janus kinase inhibitors: A pharmacovigilance study from 2012-2023. PloS one 2025. link 30 Xu X, Wang L, Sun Y, Yang C, Wang X, Guo P et al.. Unveiling the differences: infection disorders associated with tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors in pediatric patients-a pharmacovigilance study (2004-2023). European journal of pediatrics 2025. link 31 Martinez de la Torre A, Clausen AB, Burden AM, Weiler S. Fracture-Related Safety Reporting of JAK Inhibitors: An Analysis from the WHO Global VigiBase. Drug safety 2025. link 32 Liu G, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, He P, Yu Q. Risk of autoimmune disease flares after recombinant zoster vaccine: A vaccine safety analysis based on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System database. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2025. link 33 Abolhassani N, Noseda R, Dao K, Girardin FR, Bedussi F, Ceschi A et al.. Janus Kinase Inhibitors During Pregnancy and Adverse Drug Reactions: A Pharmacovigilance Disproportionality Analysis in VigiBase. Clinical and translational science 2025. link 34 Fraenza F, Cagnotta C, Gaio M, Sportiello L, Scavone C, Capuano A et al.. Disproportionality analysis of European safety reports on autoimmune and rheumatic diseases following COVID-19 vaccination. Scientific reports 2025. link 35 Liu L, Li M, Zhang C, Zhong Y, Liao B, Feng J et al.. Macrophage metabolic reprogramming: A trigger for cardiac damage in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity reviews 2025. link 36 Faghihi-Kashani S, Yoshida A, Bozan F, Zanframundo G, Rozza D, Loganathan A et al.. Clinical Characteristics of Anti-Synthetase Syndrome: Analysis From the Classification Criteria for Anti-Synthetase Syndrome Project. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2025. link 37 Sun G, Fosbøl EL, Faurschou M, Schou M, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L et al.. Long-term rate of heart failure in patients with autoimmune disease: A nationwide cohort study. European journal of heart failure 2025. link 38 Velez-Arteaga M, Carrera-Barriga GC, Moreno-Montenegro K, Gallegos C, Nicolalde B, Leon B et al.. Rhupus syndrome in the pediatric population: A comprehensive systematic literature review. Medicine 2024. link 39 Couzin-Frankel J. The counterattack. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 40 do Nascimento RRNR, Quaio CRDC, Chung CH, de Moraes Vasconcelos D, Sztajnbok FR, Rosa Neto NS et al.. Principles of clinical genetics for rheumatologists: clinical indications and interpretation of broad-based genetic testing. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2024. link 41 Cherepakhin OS, Ringold S, Ronis T, Kirkorian AY, Brandling-Bennett H. A survey assessment of combined pediatric dermatology-rheumatology clinics. Pediatric dermatology 2024. link 42 Holladay EE, Mudano AS, Xie F, Stewart P, Jackson LE, Danila MI et al.. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, Hesitancy, and Flare in a Large Rheumatology Practice Network. Arthritis care & research 2024. link 43 Sunar Yayla EN, Gezgin Yıldırım D, Adıgüzel Dündar H, Adrovic A, Akbörü EG, Aktay Ayaz N et al.. Evaluation of pediatric rheumatologists' approach to rituximab use: a questionnaire study. European journal of pediatrics 2024. link 44 Salvato M, Doria A. Controversies in in rheumatology and autoimmunity: Is CORA meeting a good educational tool to increase the scientific knowledge?. Autoimmunity reviews 2024. link 45 Barnado A, Moore RP, Domenico HJ, Green S, Camai A, Suh A et al.. Identifying antinuclear antibody positive individuals at risk for developing systemic autoimmune disease: development and validation of a real-time risk model. Frontiers in immunology 2024. link 46 Souza AWS, Dantas JG, Montandon ACOES, Calich AL, Mont' Alverne ARS, Gasparin AA et al.. Position statement of the Brazilian society of Rheumatology on mesna use as a preventive therapy for bladder disease in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases and systemic vasculitis under cyclophosphamide treatment. Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2024. link 47 Samarrai R, Rahman K, Parham K. Clinical Biomarkers in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: Autoimmune Diseases. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2024. link 48 Polmear J, Kealy L, Xu H, Good-Jacobson KL. A Touch of Immunology: improving accessibility to the science of antibodies for people with blindness, low vision and diverse needs. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 49 Durmuş MA, Kömeç S, Gülmez A. Artificial intelligence applications for immunology laboratory: image analysis and classification study of IIF photos. Immunologic research 2024. link 50 Asenjo-Lobos C, González L, Bulnes JF, Roque M, Muñoz Venturelli P, Rodríguez GM. Cardiovascular events risk in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: a prognostic systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2024. link 51 Liu M, Xia N, Zha L, Yang H, Gu M, Hao Z et al.. Increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 alters early T-cell receptor signaling and differentiation of CD4. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2024. link 52 García-Torre A, Bueno-García E, Moro-García MA, López-Martínez R, Rioseras B, Díaz-Molina B et al.. IL-10 indirectly modulates functional activity of CD4. Immunology 2024. link 53 Suyamburajan S, Bhat R, Rao R, Srilatha Parampalli S. Simultaneous Presentation of Takayasu Arteritis and Crohn's Disease in a Middle-Aged Patient: Are they two sides of the same coin?. BMJ case reports 2024. link 54 Talarico R, Ramirez GA, Barreira SC, Cardamone C, Triggianese P, Aguilera S et al.. ERN ReCONNET points to consider for treating patients living with autoimmune rheumatic diseases with antiviral therapies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody products. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 55 Rubio J, Kyttaris VC. Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease: Comprehensive Review. Current rheumatology reports 2023. link 56 Anis O, Yogev D, Dotan A, Tsur AM, David P, Vishnevskia Dai V et al.. Autoimmune disorders caused by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerine treatment: A systematic review. Autoimmunity reviews 2023. link 57 Vento-Tormo R. Decoding foreign antigen tolerance. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 58 Santambrogio L. Autoimmunity to the modified self. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 59 Morgado-Palacin L. Judith Agudo: Beware of your inner self-immune attack. The Journal of cell biology 2023. link 60 Sharanya P, Kota VR. Vaccination of Pediatric Patients With Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases - EULAR/PRES Updated Recommendations, 2021. Indian pediatrics 2023. link 61 Glaros V, Kreslavsky T. Putting a stamp on plasma cells' age certificate. Immunity 2023. link 62 Liu X, Wang DC, Powell CA, Wang X. Challenges of clinical translation from single-cell sequencing to measures in clinical biochemistry of haematology: Definition of immune cell identities. Clinical and translational medicine 2023. link 63 Pournazari M, Hashemi T, Zarpoosh M, Amirian P. Ocular manifestations in Iranian patients referred to rheumatology clinics from 2018 to 2020. Immunity, inflammation and disease 2023. link 64 Garbarino MC, Manzano N, Messina O, Zylberman M. Rheumatological adverse events secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Reumatologia clinica 2023. link 65 Parlindungan F, Sumariyono S, Hidayat R, Wibowo SAK, Ariane A, Damanik J et al.. Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic: health care disturbances and telemedicine as an alternative rheumatology practice in Indonesia. BMC health services research 2023. link 66 Koker O, Aktay Ayaz N. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations: A pediatric rheumatology perspective. 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IgA vasculitis with transient glomerular hematuria, diarrhea, and pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a young patient with possible pre-existing ulcerative colitis. CEN case reports 2023. link 72 Hoda M, Scott W, Sharma K, Duryea E, Ikemba C. Reversal of Fetal Heart Block in Antibody-Positive Mother After Hydroxychloroquine and Dexamethasone. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 73 Matur AV, Yamani AS, Robinson MW, Smith MS, Shirani P, Grossman AW et al.. Association between underlying autoimmune disease and small aneurysm size at rupture. Journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 74 Liu T, Yang L, Lv X, Zuo C, Jia C, Yang Z et al.. Cumulative evidence for associations between genetic variants in interleukin 17 family gene and risk of human diseases. Frontiers in immunology 2022. link 75 Muñoz Muñoz C, Ahmed K, Thomas M, Cohen H, Alijotas-Reig J, Giles I. Comparing pregnancy outcomes in patients with criteria and non-criteria autoimmune disease: A systematic review. 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