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Urology440 papers

Constipation by outlet obstruction

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in females, often related to outlet obstruction, presents as severe constipation with symptoms including straining, reduced stool frequency, and sensation of rectal filling without defecation. 21

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Straining, sensation of rectal filling, reduced stool frequency, and incomplete evacuation. 21

Recommended Tests:

- Anorectal Manometry: To assess sphincter function and rectal sensation. 21 - Defecography: Helps visualize pelvic floor dynamics and outlet obstruction. 21 - Transrectal Ultrasound: Useful for assessing rectal contents and pelvic floor anatomy. 21

Grading: Utilize standardized grading systems like the Wexner Constipation Score for symptom severity. 21

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Dietary Modifications: Increased fiber intake, adequate hydration. 21 - Stool Softeners: To facilitate easier passage of stool (e.g., docusate sodium). 21 - Biofeedback Therapy: To improve pelvic floor muscle function and coordination. 21

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy: Targeted exercises to relax and strengthen pelvic muscles. 12 - Medications: Laxatives (osmotic or stimulant) as needed, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bisacodyl. 21 - Botulinum Toxin Injections: For refractory cases involving pelvic floor spasm. 21

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Postpartum constipation may be exacerbated by pelvic floor trauma; emphasize pelvic floor exercises and early mobilization. 3 26

Elderly: Increased prevalence of comorbidities; consider polypharmacy effects on bowel function and tailor management accordingly. 20

Comorbidities: Polypharmacy and multimorbidity can complicate treatment; individualized approach necessary. 20

Key Recommendations

Utilize Anorectal Manometry and Defecography for Diagnosis: Essential for confirming outlet obstruction and assessing pelvic floor function. (Evidence: Moderate 21)

Implement Dietary Modifications and Biofeedback Therapy: Effective first-line interventions to manage symptoms and improve function. (Evidence: Moderate 21 12)

Consider Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy for Persistent Cases: Adjunctive therapy to address muscle dysfunction and enhance outcomes. (Evidence: Moderate 12)

Tailor Management in Special Populations: Account for pregnancy-related trauma and polypharmacy effects in elderly patients. (Evidence: Expert opinion 3 20)

References

1 Parija S, Anger JT. Quality Improvement Initiatives in Urogynecology. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2026. link 2 Petros P, Liedl B, Sivaslioglu AA, Goeschen K, Inoue H, Sekiguchi Y et al.. Integral Theory Paradigm: Common Pelvic Ligament Pathogenesis Guides Management for Urology, Gynecology, Coloproctology. Urologia internationalis 2026. link 3 Beamish NF, Davenport MH, Ali MU, Gervais MJ, Sjwed TN, Bains G et al.. Impact of postpartum exercise on pelvic floor disorders and diastasis recti abdominis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine 2025. link 4 Chang OH, Saldanha IJ, Encalada-Soto D, Jalloul RJ, Rozycki S, Orlando M et al.. Associations between hysterectomy and pelvic floor disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 5 Alves ASC, de Araújo MP, Pereira GMV, Brito LGO, Juliato CRT. Influence of Powerlifting and Weightlifting on Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: Systematic Literature Review. International urogynecology journal 2025. link 6 Kowalski JT, Brechtel L. Review of chatbots in urogynecology. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2025. link 7 Henderson T, Christman KL, Alperin M. Shaping the future of urogynecology through regenerative medicine. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2025. link 8 Antosh DD, Anand M, Ossai U, Bergeron S. How to Approach Female Sexual Dysfunction in a Urogynecology Practice. International urogynecology journal 2025. link 9 Mak SA, Sivarajah SS, Ong SM, Chong CXZ, Chua HL, Lee JCS. A New Combined Urogynecology and Colorectal Surgery Pelvic Floor Clinic-1 Year On. International urogynecology journal 2025. link 10 Chen Z, Huang S, Hao F, Chen L, Ren W, Cai W. Development of a Maternal Health Care Exercise and Pelvic Abdominal Rehabilitation Curriculum for Obstetric Medical Professionals Using a Modified Delphi Process. International urogynecology journal 2025. link 11 Rotem R, Oprescu C, McCarthy CM, O'Reilly BA, O'Donoghue K, O'Sullivan OE. The Knowledge Gap: A Survey of Pelvic Floor Understanding Amongst Gynaecology Trainees in Ireland. International urogynecology journal 2025. link 12 Francis M, Thielen M, Austin C, Strelow B. Pelvic floor physical therapy: Enhancing patient outcomes. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2025. link 13 Levy G, Lindo FM, Lozo S, Prodigalidad L, Brito LGO, Lo TS et al.. A Roadmap for Training in Urogynecology: IUGA International Initiative. International urogynecology journal 2024. link 14 Tabakin AL, Sawhney R, Daily AM, Winkler HA, Shalom DF, Tam J et al.. Case log trends of urogynecology and reconstructive pelvic surgery fellows: A comparison of urology- and gynecology-based fellowship programs. Neurourology and urodynamics 2024. link 15 Nutaitis AC, George EL, Mangira CJ, Wallace SL, Bowersox NA. Trends in Urogynecologic Surgery Among Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents From 2002 to 2022. Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024. link 16 Doumouchtsis SK, de Tayrac R, Lee J, Daly O, Melendez-Munoz J, Lindo FM et al.. An International Continence Society (ICS)/ International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) joint report on the terminology for the assessment and management of obstetric pelvic floor disorders. International urogynecology journal 2023. link 17 Pereda-Nuñez A, Manresa M, Webb SS, Pineda B, Espuña M, Ortega M et al.. Pelvic + Anatomy: A new interactive pelvic anatomy model. Prospective randomized control trial with first-year midwife residents. Anatomical sciences education 2023. link 18 Funfar B, Godecker A, Spencer RJ, Giles DL, Heisler CA. Evaluation of a Structured Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Resident Rotation Curriculum. Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2023. link 19 Donnelly GM, Moore IS. Sports Medicine and the Pelvic Floor. Current sports medicine reports 2023. link 20 Zuo SW, Tellechea L, Kohn JR, Chen CCG, Abraham N, Leegant A et al.. Polypharmacy and Multimorbidity in the Urogynecology Population and Their Effect on Pelvic Floor Symptoms. Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2023. link 21 Pang KH, Campi R, Arlandis S, Bo K, Chapple CR, Costantini E et al.. Diagnostic Tests for Female Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Female LUTS Guidelines Panel. European urology focus 2022. link 22 Culleton-Quinn E, Bø K, Fleming N, Mockler D, Cusack C, Daly D. Elite female athletes' experiences of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction: A systematic review. International urogynecology journal 2022. link 23 Peyronnet B, Lapitan MC, Tzelves L, O'Connor E, Nic An Riogh A, Manso M et al.. Benefits and Harms of Conservative, Pharmacological, and Surgical Management Options for Women with Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Female LUTS Guidelines Panel. European urology focus 2022. link 24 Huang WC, Lau HH, Su TH. Minimal requirement in urogynecological knowledge for obstetrics and gynecology specialists. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology 2022. link 25 Chong W, Tran N, Bui A. Effectiveness of a Clay Pelvic Model: A Hands-on Approach to Understanding Pelvic Floor Anatomy. Obstetrics and gynecology 2022. link 26 Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, Wieffer-Platvoet MS, Slotman MH, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG et al.. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2021. link 27 de Arruda GT, Dos Santos Henrique T, Virtuoso JF. Pelvic floor distress inventory (PFDI)-systematic review of measurement properties. International urogynecology journal 2021. link 28 Gurland BH, Khatri G, Ram R, Hull TL, Kocjancic E, Quiroz LH et al.. Consensus Definitions and Interpretation Templates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Defecatory Pelvic Floor Disorders: Proceedings of the Consensus Meeting of the Pelvic Floor Disorders Consortium of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the Society of Abdominal Radiology, the International Continence Society, the American Urogynecologic Society, the International Urogynecological Association, and the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2021. link 29 Muffly TM, Gonzalez J, Khorshid A, Hajagos J, Kropat G. Medicare Patient Referral Networks to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgeons Across the United States. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2021. link 30 Chen Z, Wang X, Jin Y, Feng S. Knowledge, attitude and practice of pelvic floor dysfunction among obstetrical healthcare workers in China: A cross-sectional study. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2021. link 31 Stroeder R, Radosa J, Clemens L, Gerlinger C, Schmidt G, Sklavounos P et al.. Urogynecology in obstetrics: impact of pregnancy and delivery on pelvic floor disorders, a prospective longitudinal observational pilot study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2021. link 32 Goh J, Romanzi L, Elneil S, Haylen B, Chen G, Ghoniem G et al.. An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for female pelvic floor fistulas. Neurourology and urodynamics 2020. link 33 Groutz A, Gordon D, Shimonov M, Amir H. Do women with pelvic floor disorders prefer to be treated by female urogynecologists?. Health care for women international 2020. link 34 Nguyen A, Cheung A, Berg W, Lee W, Weissbart S, Kim J. What's in a name? Choosing a title for a female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery clinic: A prospective questionnaire. Neurourology and urodynamics 2020. link 35 Serna-Gallegos T, Ninivaggio CS. A lasting impression: telemedicine in urogynecology during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2020. link 36 Hickman LC, Propst K, Swenson CW, Lewicky-Gaupp C. Subspecialty care for peripartum pelvic floor disorders. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2020. link 37 Nardos R, Ayenachew F, Roentgen R, Abreha M, Jacobson L, Haile A et al.. Capacity building in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery: Global Health Partnership beyond fistula care in Ethiopia. International urogynecology journal 2020. link 38 Moscatiello P, Sánchez Gallego MD, Carracedo Calvo D. Role of robotic surgery in functional urology. Archivos espanoles de urologia 2019. link 39 Armstrong AA, Nguyen MM, Wieslander CK, Tarnay CM. All Levels of Providers Can Effectively and Efficiently Teach Pelvic Floor Strength Assessment at Time of Pelvic Examination. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2019. link 40 Ellington DR, Shum PC, Dennis EA, Willis HL, Szychowski JM, Richter HE. Female Pelvic Floor Immersive Simulation: A Randomized Trial to Test the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Anatomic Model on Resident Knowledge of Female Pelvic Anatomy. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology 2019. link 41 Weissbart SJ, Wein AJ, Smith AL. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery-What Does Certification Mean?. Current urology reports 2018. link 42 Rogers RG, Pauls RN, Thakar R, Morin M, Kuhn A, Petri E et al.. An international Urogynecological association (IUGA)/international continence society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the assessment of sexual health of women with pelvic floor dysfunction. International urogynecology journal 2018. link 43 Jalalizadeh M, Alshiek J, Santoro GA, Wieczorek AP, Shobeiri SA. Six-Year Experience in Teaching Pelvic Floor Ultrasonography Using Pelvic Floor Phantoms. Obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 44 Geynisman-Tan J, Brown O, Mueller M, Leader-Cramer A, Dave B, Bochenska K et al.. Changing Referral Patterns to Urogynecology. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2018. link 45 van den Noort F, Grob ATM, Slump CH, van der Vaart CH, van Stralen M. Automatic segmentation of puborectalis muscle on three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018. link 46 Yang Y, Yang J, Chen L, Hu J, Xing S, Amend B et al.. Minimal Invasive Cystometry and Intra-Abdominal Pressure Assessments in Rodents: A Novel Animal Study. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2017. link 47 Christakis MK, Shore EM, Pulver A, McDermott CD. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery in Canada: A Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists and Urologists. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2017. link 48 Contreras Ortiz O, Rizk DE, Falconi G, Schreiner L, Gorbea Chávez V. Guidelines and enabling objectives for training primary healthcare providers, gynecologists and obstetric and gynecology residents in Female Pelvic Floor Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Neurourology and urodynamics 2017. link 49 Huebner M, Brucker SY, Tunn R, Naumann G, Reisenauer C, Abele H. Intrapartal pelvic floor protection: a pragmatic and interdisciplinary approach between obstetrics and urogynecology. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2017. link 50 Ali HY, Vikanes Å, Anti M, Hassan S, Ismail KM, Zimmo K et al.. Evaluation of an animated instructional video as a training tool for manual perineum support during vaginal delivery. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2017. link 51 Braga A, Soligo M, Serati M, Palleschi G, Li Marzi V, Finazzi Agrò E. Italian-validated questionnaires for pelvic floor disorders: on behalf of the Italian Society of Urodynamics. Urologia 2016. link 52 Brueseke T, Muffly T, Rayburn W, Connolly A, Nieto M, De La Cruz J et al.. Workforce Analysis of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, 2015 to 2045. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2016. link 53 Posthuma S, van der Ploeg JM, van Etten-deBruijn BA, van der Ham DP. Time efficiency of a web-based questionnaire in urogynecology: a randomized study. International urogynecology journal 2016. link 54 Pannu HK, Javitt MC, Glanc P, Bhosale PR, Harisinghani MG, Khati NJ et al.. ACR Appropriateness Criteria pelvic floor dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2015. link 55 Muffly TM, Weterings R, Barber MD, Steinberg AC. Discrepancies in the female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeon workforce. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2015. link 56 Globerman D, Robert M. Heterogeneity in post-intervention prolapse and urinary outcome reporting: a one-year review of the International Urogynecology Journal. International urogynecology journal 2015. link 57 Dessie SG, Hacker MR, Dodge LE, Elkadry EA. Do Obstetrical Providers, Counsel Women About Postpartum Pelvic Floor Dysfunction?. The Journal of reproductive medicine 2015. link 58 Dietz HP, Pardey J, Murray H. Pelvic floor and anal sphincter trauma should be key performance indicators of maternity services. International urogynecology journal 2015. link 59 Dietz HP, Rojas RG, Shek KL. Postprocessing of pelvic floor ultrasound data: how repeatable is it?. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2014. link 60 Maccioni F. Introduction to the feature section on functional imaging of the pelvic floor. Abdominal imaging 2013. link 61 Tibaek S, Dehlendorff C. Do women with pelvic floor dysfunction referred by gynaecologists and urologists at hospitals complete a pelvic floor muscle training programme? A retrospective study, 1992-2008. International urogynecology journal 2013. link 62 Vodušek DB. The role of clinical neurophysiology in urogynecology. International urogynecology journal 2011. link 63 Wagenlehner FM, Bschleipfer T, Liedl B, Gunnemann A, Petros P, Weidner W. Surgical reconstruction of pelvic floor descent: anatomic and functional aspects. Urologia internationalis 2010. link 64 Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J et al.. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. International urogynecology journal 2010. link 65 Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J et al.. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourology and urodynamics 2010. link 66 Collins SA, O'Sullivan DM, LaSala CA. Factors associated with PISQ-12 completion in an academic urogynecology population. International urogynecology journal 2010. link 67 da Silva-Filho AL, Martins PA, Parente MP, Saleme CS, Roza T, Pinotti M et al.. Translation of biomechanics research to urogynecology. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2010. link 68 Kenton K, Sultana C, Rogers RG, Lowenstein T, Fenner D. How well are we training residents in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery?. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2008. link 69 Guerrero K, Owen L, Hirst G, Emery S. Antenatal pelvic floor exercises: a survey of both patients' and health professionals' beliefs and practice. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007. link 70 Schimpf MO, Feldman DM, O'Sullivan DM, LaSala CA. Resident education and training in urogynecology and pelvic reconstructive surgery: a survey. International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction 2007. link 71 Genadry R. A urogynecologist's view ofthe pelvic floor effects of vaginal delivery/cesarean section for the urologist. Current urology reports 2006. link 72 Brubaker L. Clinical advances in urogynecology. Minerva ginecologica 2006. link 73 Farrell SA, Baskett TF, Farrell KD. The choice of elective cesarean delivery in obstetrics: a voluntary survey of Canadian health care professionals. International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction 2005. link 74 Kenton K, Brincat C, Mutone M, Brubaker L. Repeat cesarean section and primary elective cesarean section: recently trained obstetrician-gynecologist practice patterns and opinions. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2005. link 75 Horn T, Kortmann BB, Holm NR, Smedts F, Nordling J, Kiemeney LA et al.. Routine bladder biopsies in men with bladder outlet obstruction?. Urology 2004. link 76 Kelly CE. Which questionnaires should be used in female urology practice?. Current urology reports 2003. link 77 Kenton KS, Woods MP, Brubaker L. Uncomplicated erosion of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts into the rectum. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2002. link 78 Pel JJ, Bosch JL, Blom JH, Lycklama à Nijeholt AA, van Mastrigt R. Development of a non-invasive strategy to classify bladder outlet obstruction in male patients with LUTS. Neurourology and urodynamics 2002. link 79 Cundiff GW, Handa V, Bienstock J. Longitudinal impact of a female pelvic medicine and reconstructive pelvic surgery fellowship on resident education. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2002. link 80 Piloni V. Dynamic imaging of pelvic floor with transperineal sonography. Techniques in coloproctology 2001. link 81 Brubaker L. Initial assessment: the history in women with pelvic floor problems. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 1998. link 82 Scotti RJ, Davidson EC. Formal resident training in urogynecology and pelvic floor disorders. A six-year survey. The Journal of reproductive medicine 1994. link 83 Palmer MA, Desmond AD. Quantification of bladder outlet obstruction by measurement of urethral opening pressure using an adapted fluid bridge test. British journal of urology 1993. link

Original source

[1]
Quality Improvement Initiatives in Urogynecology. — Parija S, Anger JT Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2026)
[2]
Integral Theory Paradigm: Common Pelvic Ligament Pathogenesis Guides Management for Urology, Gynecology, Coloproctology. — Petros P, Liedl B, Sivaslioglu AA, Goeschen K, Inoue H, Sekiguchi Y et al. Urologia internationalis (2026)
[3]
Impact of postpartum exercise on pelvic floor disorders and diastasis recti abdominis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Beamish NF, Davenport MH, Ali MU, Gervais MJ, Sjwed TN, Bains G et al. British journal of sports medicine (2025)
[4]
Associations between hysterectomy and pelvic floor disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Chang OH, Saldanha IJ, Encalada-Soto D, Jalloul RJ, Rozycki S, Orlando M et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2025)
[5]
Influence of Powerlifting and Weightlifting on Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: Systematic Literature Review. — Alves ASC, de Araújo MP, Pereira GMV, Brito LGO, Juliato CRT International urogynecology journal (2025)
[6]
Review of chatbots in urogynecology. — Kowalski JT, Brechtel L Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2025)
[7]
Shaping the future of urogynecology through regenerative medicine. — Henderson T, Christman KL, Alperin M Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2025)
[8]
How to Approach Female Sexual Dysfunction in a Urogynecology Practice. — Antosh DD, Anand M, Ossai U, Bergeron S International urogynecology journal (2025)
[9]
A New Combined Urogynecology and Colorectal Surgery Pelvic Floor Clinic-1 Year On. — Mak SA, Sivarajah SS, Ong SM, Chong CXZ, Chua HL, Lee JCS International urogynecology journal (2025)
[10]
Development of a Maternal Health Care Exercise and Pelvic Abdominal Rehabilitation Curriculum for Obstetric Medical Professionals Using a Modified Delphi Process. — Chen Z, Huang S, Hao F, Chen L, Ren W, Cai W International urogynecology journal (2025)
[11]
The Knowledge Gap: A Survey of Pelvic Floor Understanding Amongst Gynaecology Trainees in Ireland. — Rotem R, Oprescu C, McCarthy CM, O'Reilly BA, O'Donoghue K, O'Sullivan OE International urogynecology journal (2025)
[12]
Pelvic floor physical therapy: Enhancing patient outcomes. — Francis M, Thielen M, Austin C, Strelow B JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants (2025)
[13]
A Roadmap for Training in Urogynecology: IUGA International Initiative. — Levy G, Lindo FM, Lozo S, Prodigalidad L, Brito LGO, Lo TS et al. International urogynecology journal (2024)
[14]
Case log trends of urogynecology and reconstructive pelvic surgery fellows: A comparison of urology- and gynecology-based fellowship programs. — Tabakin AL, Sawhney R, Daily AM, Winkler HA, Shalom DF, Tam J et al. Neurourology and urodynamics (2024)
[15]
Trends in Urogynecologic Surgery Among Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents From 2002 to 2022. — Nutaitis AC, George EL, Mangira CJ, Wallace SL, Bowersox NA Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2024)
[16]
An International Continence Society (ICS)/ International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) joint report on the terminology for the assessment and management of obstetric pelvic floor disorders. — Doumouchtsis SK, de Tayrac R, Lee J, Daly O, Melendez-Munoz J, Lindo FM et al. International urogynecology journal (2023)
[17]
Pelvic + Anatomy: A new interactive pelvic anatomy model. Prospective randomized control trial with first-year midwife residents. — Pereda-Nuñez A, Manresa M, Webb SS, Pineda B, Espuña M, Ortega M et al. Anatomical sciences education (2023)
[18]
Evaluation of a Structured Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Resident Rotation Curriculum. — Funfar B, Godecker A, Spencer RJ, Giles DL, Heisler CA Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2023)
[19]
Sports Medicine and the Pelvic Floor. — Donnelly GM, Moore IS Current sports medicine reports (2023)
[20]
Polypharmacy and Multimorbidity in the Urogynecology Population and Their Effect on Pelvic Floor Symptoms. — Zuo SW, Tellechea L, Kohn JR, Chen CCG, Abraham N, Leegant A et al. Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2023)
[21]
Diagnostic Tests for Female Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Female LUTS Guidelines Panel. — Pang KH, Campi R, Arlandis S, Bo K, Chapple CR, Costantini E et al. European urology focus (2022)
[22]
Elite female athletes' experiences of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction: A systematic review. — Culleton-Quinn E, Bø K, Fleming N, Mockler D, Cusack C, Daly D International urogynecology journal (2022)
[23]
Benefits and Harms of Conservative, Pharmacological, and Surgical Management Options for Women with Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Female LUTS Guidelines Panel. — Peyronnet B, Lapitan MC, Tzelves L, O'Connor E, Nic An Riogh A, Manso M et al. European urology focus (2022)
[24]
Minimal requirement in urogynecological knowledge for obstetrics and gynecology specialists. — Huang WC, Lau HH, Su TH Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2022)
[25]
Effectiveness of a Clay Pelvic Model: A Hands-on Approach to Understanding Pelvic Floor Anatomy. — Chong W, Tran N, Bui A Obstetrics and gynecology (2022)
[26]
Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, Wieffer-Platvoet MS, Slotman MH, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2021)
[27]
Pelvic floor distress inventory (PFDI)-systematic review of measurement properties. — de Arruda GT, Dos Santos Henrique T, Virtuoso JF International urogynecology journal (2021)
[28]
Consensus Definitions and Interpretation Templates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Defecatory Pelvic Floor Disorders: Proceedings of the Consensus Meeting of the Pelvic Floor Disorders Consortium of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the Society of Abdominal Radiology, the International Continence Society, the American Urogynecologic Society, the International Urogynecological Association, and the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons. — Gurland BH, Khatri G, Ram R, Hull TL, Kocjancic E, Quiroz LH et al. AJR. American journal of roentgenology (2021)
[29]
Medicare Patient Referral Networks to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgeons Across the United States. — Muffly TM, Gonzalez J, Khorshid A, Hajagos J, Kropat G Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2021)
[30]
Knowledge, attitude and practice of pelvic floor dysfunction among obstetrical healthcare workers in China: A cross-sectional study. — Chen Z, Wang X, Jin Y, Feng S Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction (2021)
[31]
Urogynecology in obstetrics: impact of pregnancy and delivery on pelvic floor disorders, a prospective longitudinal observational pilot study. — Stroeder R, Radosa J, Clemens L, Gerlinger C, Schmidt G, Sklavounos P et al. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2021)
[32]
An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for female pelvic floor fistulas. — Goh J, Romanzi L, Elneil S, Haylen B, Chen G, Ghoniem G et al. Neurourology and urodynamics (2020)
[33]
Do women with pelvic floor disorders prefer to be treated by female urogynecologists? — Groutz A, Gordon D, Shimonov M, Amir H Health care for women international (2020)
[34]
What's in a name? Choosing a title for a female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery clinic: A prospective questionnaire. — Nguyen A, Cheung A, Berg W, Lee W, Weissbart S, Kim J Neurourology and urodynamics (2020)
[35]
A lasting impression: telemedicine in urogynecology during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. — Serna-Gallegos T, Ninivaggio CS Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2020)
[36]
Subspecialty care for peripartum pelvic floor disorders. — Hickman LC, Propst K, Swenson CW, Lewicky-Gaupp C American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2020)
[37]
Capacity building in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery: Global Health Partnership beyond fistula care in Ethiopia. — Nardos R, Ayenachew F, Roentgen R, Abreha M, Jacobson L, Haile A et al. International urogynecology journal (2020)
[38]
Role of robotic surgery in functional urology. — Moscatiello P, Sánchez Gallego MD, Carracedo Calvo D Archivos espanoles de urologia (2019)
[39]
All Levels of Providers Can Effectively and Efficiently Teach Pelvic Floor Strength Assessment at Time of Pelvic Examination. — Armstrong AA, Nguyen MM, Wieslander CK, Tarnay CM Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2019)
[40]
Female Pelvic Floor Immersive Simulation: A Randomized Trial to Test the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Anatomic Model on Resident Knowledge of Female Pelvic Anatomy. — Ellington DR, Shum PC, Dennis EA, Willis HL, Szychowski JM, Richter HE Journal of minimally invasive gynecology (2019)
[41]
Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery-What Does Certification Mean? — Weissbart SJ, Wein AJ, Smith AL Current urology reports (2018)
[42]
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