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Cardiology1712 papers

Tetralogy of Fallot

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect characterized by four anatomical abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis. This condition leads to varying degrees of cyanosis and can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly addressed 1 2 3.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Cyanosis, clubbing, and episodes of "tetralogy spells" (hypercyanotic spells) 3 10.

Echocardiography: Essential for confirming the diagnosis, assessing anatomy, and evaluating right ventricular function 1 9 28.

Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed assessment of right ventricular size, function, and myocardial deformation 5 22 46.

Fetal Echocardiography: Useful for prenatal diagnosis and predicting neonatal outcomes 12 13.

Electrocardiography: Often shows right ventricular hypertrophy and signs of right heart strain 1 10.

Management

Surgical Repair: Typically performed between 3-7 months of age, with transannular patch repair being common 3 15 23.

Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Indicated for significant pulmonary regurgitation, with bioprosthetic valves showing durability over time 43 51.

Medical Management: Propranolol for hypercyanotic spells, though evidence is limited 30.

Reinterventions: Frequent due to complications like residual outflow tract obstruction and pulmonary regurgitation 8 44.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Evaluates exercise intolerance and guides rehabilitation 38 60.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Early repair within the first year improves outcomes, but timing varies based on anatomy and clinical status 3 18 33.

Adults: Focus on monitoring right ventricular function, exercise capacity, and risk of arrhythmias; pulmonary valve replacement may be necessary 36 43 50.

Comorbidities: Right ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias are significant concerns; risk scores may inconsistently predict adverse events 10 64.

Key Recommendations

Timing of Surgical Repair: Perform surgical repair between 3-7 months of age, considering patient-specific factors 3 18 (Evidence: Moderate).

Post-Repair Monitoring: Regular echocardiographic and MRI assessments to evaluate right ventricular function and pulmonary regurgitation 1 5 22 (Evidence: Strong).

Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Consider prosthetic valve replacement in patients with significant pulmonary regurgitation to mitigate long-term complications 43 51 (Evidence: Moderate).

Exercise Testing: Incorporate cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess and manage exercise intolerance in adults post-repair 38 60 (Evidence: Moderate).

Risk Stratification: Utilize risk scores cautiously, as their predictive value for sudden death and arrhythmias can be inconsistent 10 (Evidence: Weak).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 811 indexed papers.

1 Brennan A, Punn R, Lopez L, Long Z, McElhinney DB, Mainwaring RD et al.. Association Between Location of Pulmonary Outflow Obstruction and Right Ventricular Size and Function After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia, and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 2 Odemis E, Celikyurt A, Kizilkaya MH, Demir İH. Evaluating the Sapien® XT Valve in Native Right Ventricular Outflow Tracts After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Mid- and Long-Term Results. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 3 Ashry A, Khan S, Mohammed HM, Lotto R, Narayanan A, Jivanji S et al.. Results of Urgent Interventions in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot Within the First Three Months of Age. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2026. link 4 Rehman OU, Fatima E, Jamil A, Nadeem ZA, Nadeem A, Siddiqi AK et al.. Trends in Tetralogy of Fallot-Related Mortality in the United States Between 1999 and 2020. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 5 Chai WY, Lin G, Wang CJ, Chiang HJ, Ng SH, Kuo YS et al.. A Deep Learning-Based Fully Automated Cardiac MRI Segmentation Approach for Tetralogy of Fallot Patients. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2026. link 6 Sönmez E, Akay ÖP, Kum YE, Öztürk S, İpekten F, Baykan A. Albumin-Bilirubin Score and Subclinical Right Ventricular Dysfunction After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2026. link 7 Wing-Ki Chik B, Chan KL, Chow PC, Kwong-Man Yu C, Yuk-Ting Chan Y, Cheung YF. Right Atrial Functional Reserve is Associated With Right Ventricular Diastolic Reserve and Liver Stiffness in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2026. link 8 Tariq J, Ansari AS, Mistry A, Abbas Q, Ahmad W, Amanullah M et al.. Early and Midterm Reintervention in Valve-Sparing Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Role of Residual Lesion Score. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 9 Saengsin K, Intamul K, Wongyikul P, Phinyo P, Sittiwangkul R, Petcharat S et al.. Utility of three-dimensional echocardiography for evaluating right ventricular size and function and ventricular myocardial deformation in repaired tetralogy of fallot. PloS one 2026. link 10 Kakarla J, Ishikita A, Suszko A, Wald R, Nair K. Risk scores inconsistently predict sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Heart rhythm 2026. link 11 Odemis E, Aka İB, Kızılkaya MH. 3D Modeling of Self-Expandable Valves for PPVI in Distinct RVOT Morphologies. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 12 Nogué L, Bennasar M, Guirado L, Zölner F, Reitz J, Axt-Fliedner R et al.. Prognostic value of fetal growth and prenatal functional echocardiography in tetralogy of FALLOT. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2026. link 13 Issapour A, Dasgupta MN, Zhang A, Tacy TA, Maskatia SA, Collins RT et al.. Fetal Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot Without a Ductus Arteriosus. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 14 Finkelstein A, Sion-Sarid R, Zipper O, Mitler A, Erell Y. Factors Associated with Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Late Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 15 Nakano T. Transannular patch repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2026. link 16 Waldmann V, Moore JP, Bessière F, Babouri N, Cohen MI, O'Leary ET et al.. Association Between Slowly Conducting Anatomical Isthmuses and Ventricular Tachycardia Inducibility in Tetralogy of Fallot. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2026. link 17 Mori H, Nagao M, Kogure T, Asagai S, Inai K, Inoue A et al.. Reliability of 4D Flow MRI-Derived Pulmonary Regurgitant Fraction in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Impact of Measurement Location and Pulmonary Artery Geometry. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2026. link 18 Bashir MN, Elkasaby MH, Belal MM, Saad LM, Khalefa BB, Yassin MNA et al.. Outcomes of Primary Vs. Staged Repair in 4628 Neonates with Symptomatic Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 19 Goo HW. Interchangeable measure of pulmonary regurgitation in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: Comparison between serial cardiac CT and MRI. European journal of radiology 2026. link 20 Mayourian J, Sleeper LA, Diwanji V, Geva A, Triedman JK, Wald RM et al.. Artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram guidance for pulmonary valve replacement timing in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. American heart journal 2026. link 21 Lee JM, Gauvreau K, Kohlsaat K, Whitfield GE, Muter A, Ghelani S et al.. Long-Term Outcomes in Infants After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Does Repair Strategy Matter?. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2026. link 22 Marrone C, Parisella ML, De Angelis F, Savino K, Pizzuto A, Santoro G et al.. MRI predictors of diastolic dysfunction and right ventricle end diastolic pressure in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 23 Moroi MK, Vinogradsky AV, Nguyen SN, Choudhury TA, Krishnamurthy G, Kalfa D et al.. The impact of a residual atrial communication in patients undergoing complete repair for tetralogy of Fallot: A propensity score-matched analysis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2025. link 24 Shibagaki Y, Oka H, Imanishi R, Shimada S, Nakau K, Takahashi S. Significance of Papillary and Trabecular Muscular Volume in Right Ventricular Volumetry with Cardiac MR Imaging. Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2025. link 25 Liufu R, Teng Y, Wu J, Liu T, Liu X, Wen S et al.. Association of Preoperative Oxygen Saturation and McGoon Ratio With Early Prognosis of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Heart, lung & circulation 2025. link 26 Oka H, Nakau K, Imanishi R, Fukao K, Nakagawa S, Suzuki T et al.. Aortic Disturbed Flow Is Associated with Aortic Angle in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot or Double-Outlet Right Ventricle. Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2025. link 27 Jones AL, Xiao R, Williamson AA, Benn H, Stephens P, Bhatt SM et al.. Health Disparities in Exercise Performance in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 28 Sawda C, Henmi S, Dwivedi P, Haverty M, d'Udekem Y, Loke YH et al.. Correlation of right ventricular outflow tract residual disease on post-op transesophageal echocardiography and discharge transthoracic echocardiography after tetralogy of fallot repair. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2025. link 29 Nicholson GT, Zampi JD, Glatz AC, Goldstein BH, Petit CJ, Zhang Y et al.. Health-Related Quality of Life After Neonatal Treatment of Symptomatic Tetralogy of Fallot: Insights from the Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 30 Morgan N, Lopez-Colon D, Brinkley L, Chandran A, Gupta D. Propranolol Therapy in Tetralogy of Fallot: Treating the Echocardiogram or Treating the Patient. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 31 Raju V, Srinivasan N, Kadavanoor D, Moorthy R, Jothinath K, Gangadharan S et al.. Mid-Term Results of Pulmonary Valve-Sparing Repair for Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Stenosis. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2025. link 32 Vossler JD, Green GE, Les AS, Ohye RG. A Novel Approach for Tetralogy of Fallot-Absent Pulmonary Valve Using Bioresorbable Airway Splints. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 33 Johansson M, Hedström E, Steding-Ehrenborg K, Bhat M, Liuba P, Arheden H et al.. Atrioventricular Area Difference Aids Diastolic Filling in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 34 Parvin Nejad S, Tran C, Goraieb A, Halajha G, Kuhan S, Saha S et al.. Burden of reintervention after tetralogy of Fallot repair: A joint pediatric and adult congenital experience over 30 years. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2025. link 35 Ittleman BR, Tretter JT, Bader AS, Mcollum S, Shabanova V, Steele JM. Longitudinal Evaluation of Atrial Function in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 36 Barrett-O'Keefe Z, Maarouf CL, Narum JA, Fuller TJ, Welper JM, Miranda WR et al.. The Right Ventricle and Exercise Capacity in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Passive Bystander or Active Participant?. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2025. link 37 Abqari S, Kidwai MM, Kamran MM, Haseen MA, Rabbani S. Right ventricular outflow tract stenting in children with tetralogy of Fallot beyond one year of age: indications and immediate outcomes. Cardiology in the young 2025. link 38 Mhd D, A H, P N, D Y, P B. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Mechanisms of Exercise Intolerance and Clinical Implications. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 39 Gupta SK, Mukherjee A, Pandey NN, Ramakrishnan S, Kothari SS, Saxena A et al.. Clarifying the Anatomy of Tetralogy of Fallot with S-shaped Ascending Aorta. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 40 Hanif ZM, Murtaza M, Sami SZ, Nazir A, Venjhraj F. Response to "Health-Related Quality of Life After Neonatal Treatment of Symptomatic Tetralogy of Fallot: Insights from the Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative". Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 41 Johnson BV, Sonderman M, Magoon MJ, Pistner A, Hanna B, Bevan GH et al.. Slowly conducting anatomic isthmuses of tetralogy of Fallot: An opportunity for "prophylactic" ventricular tachycardia ablation. Heart rhythm 2025. link 42 Borrelli N, Sasso FC, Sarubbi B. From repair to right heart failure: Understanding the evolving landscape in tetralogy of fallot. Heart failure reviews 2025. link 43 Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Haag N, Fischer T, Santos Lopes B, Meier L, Wustmann K et al.. Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on ventricular function and cardiac events in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. A retrospective cohort study. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2024. link 44 Fürniss HE, Wülfers EM, Iaconianni P, Ravens U, Kroll J, Stiller B et al.. Disease severity, arrhythmogenesis, and fibrosis are related to longer action potentials in tetralogy of Fallot. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2024. link 45 Jiang L, Li Y, Huang S, Han PL, Yan WF, Fang H et al.. Right-Left Ventricular Interdependence in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Patients With Right Ventricular Heart Failure. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2024. link 46 Shiina Y, Nagao M, Itatani K, Shimada E, Inai K. 4D flow MRI-derived energy loss and RV workload in adults with tetralogy of Fallot. Journal of cardiology 2024. link 47 Costa CM, Cruz C, Pinho T, Torres S, Silva JC, Madureira JA et al.. Pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot - who and how?. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 48 Kesumarini D, Widyastuti Y, Boom CE, Dinarti LK. Effectiveness of Dexmedetomidine as Myocardial Protector in Children With Classic Tetralogy of Fallot Having Corrective Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2024. link 49 Gholampour Dehaki M, Gorjipour F, Gorjipour F, Mahdavi M, Kachoueian N, Heidarynia S. The effect of Del Nido versus custodiol cardioplegia on clinical outcomes and troponin-I changes among pediatrics with tetralogy of fallot undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 2024. link 50 Mutluer FO, Bowen DJ, van Grootel RWJ, Kardys I, Roos-Hesselink JW, van den Bosch AE. Prognostic value of left atrial strain in patients with tetralogy of fallot. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2024. link 51 Gröning M, Smerup MH, Munk K, Andersen H, Nielsen DG, Nissen H et al.. Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot: Procedural Volume and Durability of Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valves. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 2024. link 52 Tanigaki T, Kato S, Azuma M, Nitta M, Horita N, Utsunomiya D. Right ventricular myocardial fibrosis evaluated by extracellular volume fraction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a meta-analysis. Heart and vessels 2024. link 53 Mustafa Kamal N, Salih AF, Ali BM. Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Totally Corrected Tetralogy of Fallot in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Journal of community health nursing 2024. link 54 Toubat O, Wells WJ, Starnes VA, Kumar SR. Fate of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Following Valve-Sparing Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2024. link 55 Franceschi P, Balducci A, Nardi E, Niro F, Attinà D, Russo V et al.. Predictive value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: new and old parameters in the natural history of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2024. link 56 Long ZB, Punn R, Zhang Y, Arunamata AA, Asija R, Ma M et al.. Right Ventricular and Outflow Tract Functional Characteristics After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot with Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 57 Ramdat Misier NL, Moore JP, Nguyen HH, Lloyd MS, Dubin AM, Mah DY et al.. Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Multicenter Study. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2024. link 58 Miller JR, Stephens EH, Goldstone AB, Glatz AC, Kane L, Van Arsdell GS et al.. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) 2022 Expert Consensus Document: Management of infants and neonates with tetralogy of Fallot. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 59 Jayaraman J. A Child with Tetralogy of Fallot Presents for Extraction of Mandibular Premolars. Dental clinics of North America 2023. link 60 Schuermans A, Boerma M, Sansoni GA, Van den Eynde J, Takkenberg JJM, Helbing WA et al.. Exercise in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2023. link 61 Sandeep B, Cheng H, Luo L, Li Y, Xiong D, Gao K et al.. Assessing Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Coupling and Uncoupling Using Echocardiography and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Post Operative TOF Patients. Current problems in cardiology 2023. link 62 Schulte LJ, Miller PC, Bhat AN, Carvajal-Dominguez HG, Chomat MR, Miller JR et al.. Evolution of Pulmonary Valve Management During Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A 14-year Experience. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2023. link 63 Juaneda I, Peirone A, Diaz J, Azar I, Molinas R, Guevara A et al.. Tetralogy of Fallot Repair After Neonatal Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenting: Initial Multicenter Experience in Argentina. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2023. link 64 Laredo M, Duthoit G, Sacher F, Anselme F, Audinet C, Bessière F et al.. Rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Insights from the DAI-T4F nationwide registry. Heart rhythm 2023. link 65 Borsheim KE, Woods RK, Kuhn EM, Frommelt PC. Conal Septal Hypoplasia in Tetralogy of Fallot-Impact on Clinical Course, Treatment Strategies, and Outcomes After Surgical Intervention. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 66 Odemis E, Yenidogan I, Kizilkaya MH. Early results of Pulsta® transcatheter heart valve in patients with enlarged right ventricular outflow tract and severe pulmonary regurgitation due to transannular patch. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 67 Garcia Brás P, Branco Mano T, Sousa L. Unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot in the adult: an unexpected diagnosis. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 68 Selcuk A, Korun O, Sasmazel A. Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the unroofed coronary sinus in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot and coronary sinus orifice atresia. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 69 Johansson M, Binka E, Barnes B, Gaur L, Hedström E, Kutty S et al.. Right ventricular longitudinal function is linked to left ventricular filling pressure in patients with repaired tetralogy of fallot. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 70 Jiang L, Guo YK, Xu HY, Zhu X, Yan WF, Li Y et al.. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial strain over ventricular volume in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. European radiology 2023. link 71 Yang M, Liu Y, Ma S, Wang S, Fu M, Zhu M et al.. Altered brain structure in preschool-aged children with tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatric research 2023. link 72 Offen S, Puranik R, Baker D, Cordina R, Chard R, Celermajer DS. Prevalence and determinants of tricuspid regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of cardiology 2023. link 73 Ke SY, Weng KP, Chang MC, Wu MT, Li YH, Chien KJ et al.. Differential Adaptation of Biventricular Myocardial Kinetic Energy in Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Assessed by MR Tissue Phase Mapping. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2023. link 74 Sugiura J, Uchita S, Kojima A, Akazawa Y, Takata H, Nakamura M et al.. Is the QRS duration useful for determining the optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement after tetralogy of Fallot repair?. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 75 Saedi S, Moalemnia H, Rostambeigi S. Right ventricular echocardiographic remodeling after pulmonary valve replacement in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Annales de cardiologie et d'angeiologie 2023. link 76 Ye XT, Buratto E, Schulz A, Macalister SJ, Weintraub RG, Brizard CP et al.. Long-term outcomes of staged repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 77 Van den Eynde J, Sá MPBO, Vervoort D, Roever L, Meyns B, Budts W et al.. Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Updated Meta-Analysis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 78 Thangappan K, Fatuzzo S, Zafar F, Winlaw D, Lehenbauer D, Batlivala S et al.. Management of Neonates Admitted With Tetralogy of Fallot: Changing Patterns Across the United States. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 79 Mishra AK, Rana P, Raja J, Bansal V, Singhal M. Aneurysmal right ventricular outflow in an adult patient with unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot and an absent pulmonary valve. Journal of cardiac surgery 2022. link 80 Lee JK, Chikkabyrappa SM, Bhat A, Buddhe S. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a novel approach to an older technique. Journal of echocardiography 2022. link 81 Villarreal EG, Farias JS, Tweddell JS, Loomba RS, Flores S. Beta-blocker use after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot: an analysis of a national database. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 82 Greutmann M, Ruperti J, Schwitz F, Haag N, Santos Lopes B, Meier L et al.. High Variability of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function in Adults with Severe Pulmonary Regurgitation Late After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. The American journal of cardiology 2022. link 83 Kobayashi Y, Kotani Y, Kuroko Y, Kawabata T, Sano S, Kasahara S. Staged Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Strategy for Optimizing Clinical and Functional Outcomes. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 84 Majeed A, Geva T, Sleeper LA, Graf JA, Lu M, Babu-Narayan SV et al.. Cardiac MRI predictors of good long-term outcomes in patients with repaired TOF. American heart journal 2022. link 85 Vaikom House AK, Chetan D, Mital S, Grosse-Wortmann L. Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and the HIF1A1744C/T variant have increased imaging markers of diffuse myocardial fibrosis. International journal of cardiology 2022. link 86 Secchi F, Lastella G, Monti CB, Barbaro U, Capra D, Zanardo M et al.. Late gadolinium enhancement in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot: A systematic review. European journal of radiology 2021. link 87 Woudstra OI, Ghanam A, Vliegen HW, van Dijk APJ, van Melle JP, Groenink M et al.. The aortic root in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: Serial measurements and impact of losartan treatment. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 88 Ghaderian M, Ahmadi A, Sabri MR, Behdad S, Dehghan B, Mahdavi C et al.. Clinical Outcome of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenting Versus Blalock-Taussig Shunt in Tetralogy of Fallot: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current problems in cardiology 2021. link 89 Guven B, Mese T, Yilmazer MM, Ozdemir R, Demirpence S, Doksoz O. Right ventricular regional deformation analysis in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Acta cardiologica 2021. link 90 Shen WC, Chen CA, Chang CI, Chen YS, Huang SC, Wu MH et al.. Outflow tract geometries are associated with adverse outcome indicators in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 91 Abumehdi M, Sasikumar D, Chaudhari M, Bhole V, Botha P, Mehta C et al.. Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract as an initial intervention in Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 92 Blais S, Marelli A, Vanasse A, Dahdah N, Dancea A, Drolet C et al.. The 30-Year Outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot According to Native Anatomy and Genetic Conditions. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2021. link 93 Katewa A, Anand K, Sahu B. One-Stage Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot and Pseudoaneurysm of the Ascending Aorta After Central Shunt. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2020. link 94 Jeon B, Kim DH, Kwon BS, Choi ES, Park CS, Yun TJ. Surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot in symptomatic neonates and young infants. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 95 Shiina Y, Taniguchi K, Nagao M, Takahashi T, Niwa K, Kawakubo M et al.. The relationship between extracellular volume fraction in symptomatic adults with tetralogy of Fallot and adverse cardiac events. Journal of cardiology 2020. link 96 Ylitalo P, Lehmonen L, Lauerma K, Holmström M, Pitkänen-Argillander O, Jokinen E. Severe pulmonary regurgitation in adolescents with tetralogy of Fallot leads to increased longitudinal strain. Magma (New York, N.Y.) 2020. link 97 Sjöberg P, Ostenfeld E, Hedström E, Arheden H, Gustafsson R, Nozohoor S et al.. Changes in left and right ventricular longitudinal function after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2020. link 98 Liu H, Zheng SQ, Qian SC, He HH, Xue JR. Haematocrit differences modify the association of cardiopulmonary bypass reoxygenation with acute kidney injury after paediatric Tetralogy of Fallot repair. Perfusion 2020. link 99 Cochran CD, Yu S, Gakenheimer-Smith L, Lowery R, Lu JC, Mahani MG et al.. Identifying Risk Factors for Massive Right Ventricular Dilation in Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. The American journal of cardiology 2020. link 100 Annavajjhala V, Valente AM, Lopez L, Sachdeva R, Glickstein JS, Natarajan SS et al.. Echocardiographic surveillance in children after tetralogy of Fallot repair: Adherence to guidelines?. International journal of cardiology 2020. link

Original source

[1]
Association Between Location of Pulmonary Outflow Obstruction and Right Ventricular Size and Function After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia, and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals. — Brennan A, Punn R, Lopez L, Long Z, McElhinney DB, Mainwaring RD et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[2]
Evaluating the Sapien® XT Valve in Native Right Ventricular Outflow Tracts After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Mid- and Long-Term Results. — Odemis E, Celikyurt A, Kizilkaya MH, Demir İH Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[3]
Results of Urgent Interventions in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot Within the First Three Months of Age. — Ashry A, Khan S, Mohammed HM, Lotto R, Narayanan A, Jivanji S et al. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery (2026)
[4]
Trends in Tetralogy of Fallot-Related Mortality in the United States Between 1999 and 2020. — Rehman OU, Fatima E, Jamil A, Nadeem ZA, Nadeem A, Siddiqi AK et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[5]
A Deep Learning-Based Fully Automated Cardiac MRI Segmentation Approach for Tetralogy of Fallot Patients. — Chai WY, Lin G, Wang CJ, Chiang HJ, Ng SH, Kuo YS et al. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2026)
[6]
Albumin-Bilirubin Score and Subclinical Right Ventricular Dysfunction After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. — Sönmez E, Akay ÖP, Kum YE, Öztürk S, İpekten F, Baykan A Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2026)
[7]
Right Atrial Functional Reserve is Associated With Right Ventricular Diastolic Reserve and Liver Stiffness in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. — Wing-Ki Chik B, Chan KL, Chow PC, Kwong-Man Yu C, Yuk-Ting Chan Y, Cheung YF Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2026)
[8]
Early and Midterm Reintervention in Valve-Sparing Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Role of Residual Lesion Score. — Tariq J, Ansari AS, Mistry A, Abbas Q, Ahmad W, Amanullah M et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[9]
Utility of three-dimensional echocardiography for evaluating right ventricular size and function and ventricular myocardial deformation in repaired tetralogy of fallot. — Saengsin K, Intamul K, Wongyikul P, Phinyo P, Sittiwangkul R, Petcharat S et al. PloS one (2026)
[10]
Risk scores inconsistently predict sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. — Kakarla J, Ishikita A, Suszko A, Wald R, Nair K Heart rhythm (2026)
[11]
3D Modeling of Self-Expandable Valves for PPVI in Distinct RVOT Morphologies. — Odemis E, Aka İB, Kızılkaya MH Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[12]
Prognostic value of fetal growth and prenatal functional echocardiography in tetralogy of FALLOT. — Nogué L, Bennasar M, Guirado L, Zölner F, Reitz J, Axt-Fliedner R et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2026)
[13]
Fetal Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot Without a Ductus Arteriosus. — Issapour A, Dasgupta MN, Zhang A, Tacy TA, Maskatia SA, Collins RT et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[14]
Factors Associated with Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Late Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. — Finkelstein A, Sion-Sarid R, Zipper O, Mitler A, Erell Y Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[15]
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Longitudinal Evaluation of Atrial Function in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. — Ittleman BR, Tretter JT, Bader AS, Mcollum S, Shabanova V, Steele JM Pediatric cardiology (2025)
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The Right Ventricle and Exercise Capacity in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Passive Bystander or Active Participant? — Barrett-O'Keefe Z, Maarouf CL, Narum JA, Fuller TJ, Welper JM, Miranda WR et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2025)
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Mechanisms of Exercise Intolerance and Clinical Implications. — Mhd D, A H, P N, D Y, P B Pediatric cardiology (2025)
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Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on ventricular function and cardiac events in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. A retrospective cohort study. — Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Haag N, Fischer T, Santos Lopes B, Meier L, Wustmann K et al. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2024)
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Right-Left Ventricular Interdependence in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Patients With Right Ventricular Heart Failure. — Jiang L, Li Y, Huang S, Han PL, Yan WF, Fang H et al. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2024)
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Right ventricular myocardial fibrosis evaluated by extracellular volume fraction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a meta-analysis. — Tanigaki T, Kato S, Azuma M, Nitta M, Horita N, Utsunomiya D Heart and vessels (2024)
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Predictive value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: new and old parameters in the natural history of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. — Franceschi P, Balducci A, Nardi E, Niro F, Attinà D, Russo V et al. BMC cardiovascular disorders (2024)
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Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Multicenter Study. — Ramdat Misier NL, Moore JP, Nguyen HH, Lloyd MS, Dubin AM, Mah DY et al. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology (2024)
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A Child with Tetralogy of Fallot Presents for Extraction of Mandibular Premolars. — Jayaraman J Dental clinics of North America (2023)
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Exercise in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Schuermans A, Boerma M, Sansoni GA, Van den Eynde J, Takkenberg JJM, Helbing WA et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2023)
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Assessing Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Coupling and Uncoupling Using Echocardiography and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Post Operative TOF Patients. — Sandeep B, Cheng H, Luo L, Li Y, Xiong D, Gao K et al. Current problems in cardiology (2023)
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Altered brain structure in preschool-aged children with tetralogy of Fallot. — Yang M, Liu Y, Ma S, Wang S, Fu M, Zhu M et al. Pediatric research (2023)
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Differential Adaptation of Biventricular Myocardial Kinetic Energy in Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Assessed by MR Tissue Phase Mapping. — Ke SY, Weng KP, Chang MC, Wu MT, Li YH, Chien KJ et al. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2023)
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Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and the HIF1A1744C/T variant have increased imaging markers of diffuse myocardial fibrosis. — Vaikom House AK, Chetan D, Mital S, Grosse-Wortmann L International journal of cardiology (2022)
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