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Nutrition460 papers

Iron deficiency anemia

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is characterized by reduced hemoglobin levels due to insufficient iron, leading to impaired oxygen delivery and various clinical manifestations including fatigue, pallor, and cognitive impairment 1620.

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Microcytic anemia (low MCV), low serum ferritin, elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation <16% 1011.
  • Recommended Tests: Complete blood count (CBC), serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation, reticulocyte hemoglobin content 1611.
  • Grading: IDA is typically graded based on severity of hemoglobin levels and iron parameters 110.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments: Oral iron supplementation (ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate) typically 100-200 mg elemental iron/day 3720.
  • Adjunctive Treatments: Vitamin C co-administration to enhance iron absorption 2521.
  • Intravenous Iron: For non-responsive or severe cases, intravenous iron formulations like ferric carboxymaltose or ferric derisomaltose 94422.
  • Dietary Interventions: Fortified foods, increased intake of iron-rich foods, and dietary counseling 202146.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation recommended to prevent IDA 505152.
  • Pediatrics: Ferrous sulfate or ferrous sulfate derivatives for treatment, with consideration of growth and developmental needs 2257.
  • Elderly: Regular monitoring of iron stores due to increased risk of IDA and comorbidities 64.
  • Comorbidities: Helicobacter pylori infection may impair response to iron supplementation; consider eradication therapy 54.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate oral iron supplementation as first-line treatment for IDA, targeting 100-200 mg elemental iron daily 3720 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Consider intravenous iron for patients who do not respond adequately to oral iron or have severe IDA 94422 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Implement weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in pregnant women to prevent IDA 505152 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Monitor and address Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with refractory IDA 54 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Combine iron supplementation with vitamin C to enhance absorption in cases where dietary modifications are insufficient 2521 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Chang H, Kang S, Li C, Wu L, Liu H, Zhang D et al.. The dual effects of iron deficiency on intervertebral disc development and on acute injury-induced disc degeneration. Scientific reports 2025. link 2 Yadav DV, Mitra T, Punniyamoorthy D, Murugesan A, Kumari Raveendran S, Janardhanan R. Vitamins and Iron-Deficiency Gestational Anemia - A Review. Journal of dietary supplements 2025. link 3 DeLoughery TG, Jackson CS, Ko CW, Rockey DC. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Expert Review. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2024. link 4 Harrison WN, Mittal VS, O'Toole JK, Quinonez RA, Mink R, Leyenaar JK. Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Workforce: 2020-2040. Pediatrics 2024. link 5 Lavoie A, Lemire M, Lévesque B, Ayotte P. Determinants of iron deficiency and anemia among Nunavimmiut: results from the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Health Survey. Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique 2024. link 6 Gutema BT, Levecke B, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Zewdie TH, Yesera GE et al.. Effectiveness of intermittent iron and high-dose vitamin A supplementation on cognitive development of school children in southern Ethiopia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2024. link 7 Fischer JAJ, Cherian AM, Bone JN, Karakochuk CD. The effects of oral ferrous bisglycinate supplementation on hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition reviews 2023. link 8 Gutema BT, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Yesera GE, Yeshitila YG, Pauwels NS et al.. Effects of iron supplementation on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2023. link 9 Kennedy NA, Achebe MM, Biggar P, Pöhlmann J, Pollock RF. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the incidence of serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions after administration of ferric derisomaltose or ferric carboxymaltose. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2023. link 10 Barton JC, Barton JC. Quantifying microcyte and macrocyte percentages in archived red blood cell volume histogram images. International journal of laboratory hematology 2023. link 11 Lee J, Hong S, Kim NY, Cho Y, Kim HS, Kang HJ et al.. Clinical Applicability of Automated Hematology Analyzer Research Parameters for Disease Diagnosis: a Reference Interval Study. Clinical laboratory 2023. link 12 Leung TW, Damodaran P, Torres R, Chuncharunee S, Chu MY, Gamilla Z et al.. Expert consensus on improving iron deficiency anemia management in obstetrics and gynecology in Asia. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2023. link 13 Hitesh T, Khatuja R, Agrawal P, Dhamnetiya D, Jha RP, Renjhen P. Unlocking the mystery of the role of Vitamin D in iron deficiency anemia in antenatal women: a case control study in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2023. link 14 Hu TY, Mayasari NR, Cheng TM, Bai CH, Chao JC, Huang YL et al.. Polymorphisms of haptoglobin modify the relationship between dietary iron and the risk of gestational iron-deficiency anemia. European journal of nutrition 2023. link 15 Nimbkar S, Leena MM, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C. Development of iron-vitamin multilayer encapsulates using 3 fluid nozzle spray drying. Food chemistry 2023. link 16 Lundgren CR. Implementing Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Into Current Hematology Algorithms. American journal of clinical pathology 2022. link 17 Codolo G, Coletta S, D'Elios MM, de Bernard M. HP-NAP of . Frontiers in immunology 2022. link 18 Rudd N, Zakaria A, Kohn MA, Amerson EH, Fox LP, Linos E et al.. Association of Body Lice Infestation With Hemoglobin Values in Hospitalized Dermatology Patients. JAMA dermatology 2022. link 19 Carignano Torres P, Morsello C, Orellana JDY, Almeida O, de Moraes A, Chacón-Montalván EA et al.. Wildmeat consumption and child health in Amazonia. Scientific reports 2022. link 20 Skolmowska D, Głąbska D, Kołota A, Guzek D. Effectiveness of Dietary Interventions to Treat Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Women: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2022. link 21 Skolmowska D, Głąbska D. Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention with Iron and Vitamin C Administered Separately in Improving Iron Status in Young Women. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 22 Sasankan N, Duncan H, Curtis L, McGuckin C, Shannon C, Barclay A et al.. Ferric Carboxymaltose Across All Ages in Paediatric Gastroenterology Shows Efficacy Without Increased Safety Concerns. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2021. link 23 Gamboa E, Broadbent E, Quintana N, Callaway S, Donoso P, Linehan M et al.. Interpersonal communication campaign promoting knowledge, attitude, intention, and consumption of iron folic acid tablets and iron rich foods among pregnant Indonesian women. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 2020. link.0013) 24 Zhou J, Liu C, Francis M, Sun Y, Ryu MS, Grider A et al.. The Causal Effects of Blood Iron and Copper on Lipid Metabolism Diseases: Evidence from Phenome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2020. link 25 Li N, Zhao G, Wu W, Zhang M, Liu W, Chen Q et al.. The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA network open 2020. link 26 Benton D, Young HA. Role of fruit juice in achieving the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake. Nutrition reviews 2019. link 27 Iqbal S, Ekmekcioglu C. Maternal and neonatal outcomes related to iron supplementation or iron status: a summary of meta-analyses. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2019. link 28 Svistunov AA, Osadchuk MA, Kireeva NV, Lazareva AE, Shorina DA, Vasil'eva IN et al.. Comparative effectiveness of vitamin-mineral complexes with iron in correcting iron deficiency in women in the outpatient setting. Terapevticheskii arkhiv 2018. link 29 Marcewicz LH, Anderson BL, Byams VR, Grant AM, Schulkin J. Screening and Treatment for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Women: Results of a Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Maternal and child health journal 2017. link 30 Breymann C, Auerbach M. Iron deficiency in gynecology and obstetrics: clinical implications and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2017. link 31 Landim LA, Pessoa ML, Brandão AC, Morgano MA, Marcos Antônio de Mota Araújo MA, Rocha MM et al.. Impact of the two different iron fortified cookies on treatment of anemia in preschool children in Brazil. Nutricion hospitalaria 2016. link 32 Powers JM, McCavit TL, Buchanan GR. Management of iron deficiency anemia: a survey of pediatric hematology/oncology specialists. Pediatric blood & cancer 2015. link 33 Kana-Sop MM, Gouado I, Achu MB, Van Camp J, Amvam Zollo PH, Schweigert FJ et al.. The Influence of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on the Bioavailability of Provitamin A Carotenoids from Papaya Following Consumption of a Vitamin A-Deficient Diet. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 2015. link 34 Barnes KR, Tchandja JN, Webber BJ, Federinko SP, Cropper TL. The effects of prenatal vitamin supplementation on operationally significant health outcomes in female air force trainees. Military medicine 2015. link 35 Hershko C, Camaschella C. How I treat unexplained refractory iron deficiency anemia. Blood 2014. link 36 Taha A, Azhar S, Lone T, Murtaza G, Khan SA, Mumtaz A et al.. Iron deficiency anaemia in reproductive age women attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient of university health centre in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM 2014. link 37 de Almeida CA, De Mello ED, Ramos AP, João CA, João CR, Dutra-de-Oliveira JE. Assessment of drinking water fortification with iron plus ascorbic Acid or ascorbic Acid alone in daycare centers as a strategy to control iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency: a randomized blind clinical study. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2014. link 38 Madhikarmi NL, Murthy KR. Antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of iron deficiency anemic patients supplemented with vitamins. Iranian biomedical journal 2014. link 39 Remacha AF, Sardà MP, Canals C, Queraltò JM, Zapico E, Remacha J et al.. Combined cobalamin and iron deficiency anemia: a diagnostic approach using a model based on age and homocysteine assessment. Annals of hematology 2013. link 40 Toxqui L, Pérez-Granados AM, Blanco-Rojo R, Wright I, González-Vizcayno C, Vaquero MP. Effects of an iron or iron and vitamin D-fortified flavored skim milk on iron metabolism: a randomized controlled double-blind trial in iron-deficient women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2013. link 41 Yewale VN, Dewan B. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children: a comparative study of ferrous ascorbate and colloidal iron. Indian journal of pediatrics 2013. link 42 Bailie GR. Comparison of rates of reported adverse events associated with i.v. iron products in the United States. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2012. link 43 Urrechaga E, Borque L, Escanero JF. The role of automated measurement of RBC subpopulations in differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia and β-thalassemia screening. American journal of clinical pathology 2011. link 44 Jahn MR, Andreasen HB, Fütterer S, Nawroth T, Schünemann V, Kolb U et al.. A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer), a new intravenous iron preparation and its clinical implications. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 2011. link 45 Vinodkumar M, Rajagopalan S. Multiple micronutrient fortification of salt. European journal of clinical nutrition 2009. link 46 Leenstra T, Kariuki SK, Kurtis JD, Oloo AJ, Kager PA, ter Kuile FO. The effect of weekly iron and vitamin A supplementation on hemoglobin levels and iron status in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya. European journal of clinical nutrition 2009. link 47 Alaofè H, Zee J, Dossa R, O'Brien HT. Education and improved iron intakes for treatment of mild iron-deficiency anemia in adolescent girls in southern Benin. Food and nutrition bulletin 2009. link 48 Hironaka LK, Paasche-Orlow MK, Young RL, Bauchner H, Geltman PL. Caregiver health literacy and adherence to a daily multi-vitamin with iron regimen in infants. Patient education and counseling 2009. link 49 Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, Ahlmén J. Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2006. link 50 Viteri FE, Berger J. Importance of pre-pregnancy and pregnancy iron status: can long-term weekly preventive iron and folic acid supplementation achieve desirable and safe status?. Nutrition reviews 2005. link 51 Garcia J, Datol-Barrett E, Dizon M. Industry experience in promoting weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in the Philippines. Nutrition reviews 2005. link 52 Khan NC, Thanh HT, Berger J, Hoa PT, Quang ND, Smitasiri S et al.. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation: a new approach toward controlling anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam. Nutrition reviews 2005. link 53 Smitasiri S, Solon FS. Implementing preventive iron-folic acid supplementation among women of reproductive age in some Western Pacific countries: possibilities and challenges. Nutrition reviews 2005. link 54 Mahalanabis D, Islam MA, Shaikh S, Chakrabarty M, Kurpad AV, Mukherjee S et al.. Haematological response to iron supplementation is reduced in children with asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection. The British journal of nutrition 2005. link 55 Elverland HH, Aasand G, Miljeteig H, Ulvik RJ. Effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on hemoglobin and iron metabolism. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2004. link 56 Hughes DA, Stuart-Smith SE, Bain BJ. How should stainable iron in bone marrow films be assessed?. Journal of clinical pathology 2004. link 57 Geltman PL, Meyers AF, Mehta SD, Brugnara C, Villon I, Wu YA et al.. Daily multivitamins with iron to prevent anemia in high-risk infants: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 2004. link 58 López MA, Martos FC. Iron availability: An updated review. International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2004. link 59 Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH. Exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months, with iron supplementation, maintains adequate micronutrient status among term, low-birthweight, breast-fed infants in Honduras. The Journal of nutrition 2004. link 60 Moriarty-Craige SE, Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld L, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multivitamin-mineral supplementation is not as efficacious as is iron supplementation in improving hemoglobin concentrations in nonpregnant anemic women living in Mexico. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2004. link 61 Kostaki M, Fessatou S, Karpathios T. Refractory iron-deficiency anaemia due to silent Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children. European journal of pediatrics 2003. link 62 Darnton-Hill I, Mora JO, Weinstein H, Wilbur S, Nalubola PR. Iron and folate fortification in the Americas to prevent and control micronutrient malnutrition: an analysis. Nutrition reviews 1999. link 63 Buchegger F, Trowbridge IS, Liu LF, White S, Collawn JF. Functional analysis of human/chicken transferrin receptor chimeras indicates that the carboxy-terminal region is important for ligand binding. European journal of biochemistry 1996. link 64 Milman N, Schultz-Larsen K. Iron stores in 70-year-old Danish men and women. Evaluation in 469 individuals by serum ferritin and hemoglobin. Aging (Milan, Italy) 1994. link 65 Patton WN, Cave RJ, Harris RI. A study of changes in red cell volume and haemoglobin concentration during phlebotomy induced iron deficiency and iron repletion using the Technicon H1. Clinical and laboratory haematology 1991. link 66 Crosby DL, Petersen MJ. Familial koilonychia. Cutis 1989. link 67 Furth-Walker D, Amy NK. Regulation of xanthine oxidase activity and immunologically detectable protein in rats in response to dietary protein and iron. The Journal of nutrition 1987. link 68 Shimayama T, Ono J, Katsuki T. Iron deficiency anemia caused by a giant jejunal diverticulum. The Japanese journal of surgery 1984. link 69 Dwyer JT, Dietz WH, Andrews EM, Suskind RM. Nutritional status of vegetarian children. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1982. link 70 Prasad JS. Leucocyte function in iron-deficiency anemia. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1979. link 71 Balasch J, Ibáñez J, Palacios L. Ferritin intestinal absorption. Revista espanola de fisiologia 1976. link 72 Cape RD, Zirk MH. Assessment of iron stores in old people. Gerontologia clinica 1975. link 73 Woods SC, Weisinger RS. Pagophagia in the albino rat. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1970. link

    Original source

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      The dual effects of iron deficiency on intervertebral disc development and on acute injury-induced disc degeneration. — Chang H, Kang S, Li C, Wu L, Liu H, Zhang D et al. Scientific reports (2025)
    2. [2]
      Vitamins and Iron-Deficiency Gestational Anemia - A Review. — Yadav DV, Mitra T, Punniyamoorthy D, Murugesan A, Kumari Raveendran S, Janardhanan R Journal of dietary supplements (2025)
    3. [3]
      AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Expert Review. — DeLoughery TG, Jackson CS, Ko CW, Rockey DC Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (2024)
    4. [4]
      Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Workforce: 2020-2040. — Harrison WN, Mittal VS, O'Toole JK, Quinonez RA, Mink R, Leyenaar JK Pediatrics (2024)
    5. [5]
      Determinants of iron deficiency and anemia among Nunavimmiut: results from the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Health Survey. — Lavoie A, Lemire M, Lévesque B, Ayotte P Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique (2024)
    6. [6]
      Effectiveness of intermittent iron and high-dose vitamin A supplementation on cognitive development of school children in southern Ethiopia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. — Gutema BT, Levecke B, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Zewdie TH, Yesera GE et al. The American journal of clinical nutrition (2024)
    7. [7]
      The effects of oral ferrous bisglycinate supplementation on hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — Fischer JAJ, Cherian AM, Bone JN, Karakochuk CD Nutrition reviews (2023)
    8. [8]
      Effects of iron supplementation on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. — Gutema BT, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Yesera GE, Yeshitila YG, Pauwels NS et al. PloS one (2023)
    9. [9]
      A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the incidence of serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions after administration of ferric derisomaltose or ferric carboxymaltose. — Kennedy NA, Achebe MM, Biggar P, Pöhlmann J, Pollock RF International journal of clinical pharmacy (2023)
    10. [10]
      Quantifying microcyte and macrocyte percentages in archived red blood cell volume histogram images. — Barton JC, Barton JC International journal of laboratory hematology (2023)
    11. [11]
      Clinical Applicability of Automated Hematology Analyzer Research Parameters for Disease Diagnosis: a Reference Interval Study. — Lee J, Hong S, Kim NY, Cho Y, Kim HS, Kang HJ et al. Clinical laboratory (2023)
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      Expert consensus on improving iron deficiency anemia management in obstetrics and gynecology in Asia. — Leung TW, Damodaran P, Torres R, Chuncharunee S, Chu MY, Gamilla Z et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023)
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      Unlocking the mystery of the role of Vitamin D in iron deficiency anemia in antenatal women: a case control study in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. — Hitesh T, Khatuja R, Agrawal P, Dhamnetiya D, Jha RP, Renjhen P BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2023)
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      Polymorphisms of haptoglobin modify the relationship between dietary iron and the risk of gestational iron-deficiency anemia. — Hu TY, Mayasari NR, Cheng TM, Bai CH, Chao JC, Huang YL et al. European journal of nutrition (2023)
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      Implementing Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Into Current Hematology Algorithms. — Lundgren CR American journal of clinical pathology (2022)
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      HP-NAP of — Codolo G, Coletta S, D'Elios MM, de Bernard M Frontiers in immunology (2022)
    18. [18]
      Association of Body Lice Infestation With Hemoglobin Values in Hospitalized Dermatology Patients. — Rudd N, Zakaria A, Kohn MA, Amerson EH, Fox LP, Linos E et al. JAMA dermatology (2022)
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      Wildmeat consumption and child health in Amazonia. — Carignano Torres P, Morsello C, Orellana JDY, Almeida O, de Moraes A, Chacón-Montalván EA et al. Scientific reports (2022)
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      Effectiveness of Dietary Interventions to Treat Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Women: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. — Skolmowska D, Głąbska D, Kołota A, Guzek D Nutrients (2022)
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      Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention with Iron and Vitamin C Administered Separately in Improving Iron Status in Young Women. — Skolmowska D, Głąbska D International journal of environmental research and public health (2022)
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      Ferric Carboxymaltose Across All Ages in Paediatric Gastroenterology Shows Efficacy Without Increased Safety Concerns. — Sasankan N, Duncan H, Curtis L, McGuckin C, Shannon C, Barclay A et al. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2021)
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      Interpersonal communication campaign promoting knowledge, attitude, intention, and consumption of iron folic acid tablets and iron rich foods among pregnant Indonesian women. — Gamboa E, Broadbent E, Quintana N, Callaway S, Donoso P, Linehan M et al. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition (2020)
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      The Causal Effects of Blood Iron and Copper on Lipid Metabolism Diseases: Evidence from Phenome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Study. — Zhou J, Liu C, Francis M, Sun Y, Ryu MS, Grider A et al. Nutrients (2020)
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      Comparative effectiveness of vitamin-mineral complexes with iron in correcting iron deficiency in women in the outpatient setting. — Svistunov AA, Osadchuk MA, Kireeva NV, Lazareva AE, Shorina DA, Vasil'eva IN et al. Terapevticheskii arkhiv (2018)
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      Impact of the two different iron fortified cookies on treatment of anemia in preschool children in Brazil. — Landim LA, Pessoa ML, Brandão AC, Morgano MA, Marcos Antônio de Mota Araújo MA, Rocha MM et al. Nutricion hospitalaria (2016)
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      Management of iron deficiency anemia: a survey of pediatric hematology/oncology specialists. — Powers JM, McCavit TL, Buchanan GR Pediatric blood & cancer (2015)
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      The Influence of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on the Bioavailability of Provitamin A Carotenoids from Papaya Following Consumption of a Vitamin A-Deficient Diet. — Kana-Sop MM, Gouado I, Achu MB, Van Camp J, Amvam Zollo PH, Schweigert FJ et al. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology (2015)
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      Iron deficiency anaemia in reproductive age women attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient of university health centre in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. — Taha A, Azhar S, Lone T, Murtaza G, Khan SA, Mumtaz A et al. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM (2014)
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      Assessment of drinking water fortification with iron plus ascorbic Acid or ascorbic Acid alone in daycare centers as a strategy to control iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency: a randomized blind clinical study. — de Almeida CA, De Mello ED, Ramos AP, João CA, João CR, Dutra-de-Oliveira JE Journal of tropical pediatrics (2014)
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      Combined cobalamin and iron deficiency anemia: a diagnostic approach using a model based on age and homocysteine assessment. — Remacha AF, Sardà MP, Canals C, Queraltò JM, Zapico E, Remacha J et al. Annals of hematology (2013)
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      Effects of an iron or iron and vitamin D-fortified flavored skim milk on iron metabolism: a randomized controlled double-blind trial in iron-deficient women. — Toxqui L, Pérez-Granados AM, Blanco-Rojo R, Wright I, González-Vizcayno C, Vaquero MP Journal of the American College of Nutrition (2013)
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      The effect of weekly iron and vitamin A supplementation on hemoglobin levels and iron status in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya. — Leenstra T, Kariuki SK, Kurtis JD, Oloo AJ, Kager PA, ter Kuile FO European journal of clinical nutrition (2009)
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      Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation: a new approach toward controlling anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam. — Khan NC, Thanh HT, Berger J, Hoa PT, Quang ND, Smitasiri S et al. Nutrition reviews (2005)
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