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Cardiology107 papers

Viral myocarditis

Last edited: 4/22/2026

Overview

Viral myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disorder caused by viral infections, leading to cardiomyocyte death and potential heart failure. It encompasses a spectrum of severity, from self-limiting to fulminant disease. 1

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, and signs of heart failure.
  • Electrocardiography (ECG): Abnormalities such as arrhythmias, conduction defects, and ST-T wave changes.
  • Echocardiography: Assessment of ventricular function, wall motion abnormalities, and possible mural thrombi.
  • Cardiac Biomarkers: Elevated troponin levels.
  • Imaging: MRI may show increased T2-weighted signals indicative of myocardial edema. 36
  • Virological Testing: Detection of viral genomes via nucleic acid hybridization or PCR. 41

    • Management

  • Supportive Care: Management of heart failure symptoms, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers.
  • Immunomodulatory Therapy:
    • - Interferons: Beneficial effects noted in some studies (e.g., IFN-alpha). 21 - Anti-inflammatory Agents: Use of IL-10 to modulate immune response. 30
  • Specific Antiviral Agents:
    • - Sophoridine: Demonstrated antiviral effects against CVB3. 25 - Astragalus Polysaccharide: Inhibits TLR-4/NF-κB pathway, reducing inflammation. 12
  • Experimental Therapies:
    • - LCZ696: Shown to improve LVEF in murine models. 6 - Extracellular Vesicles: Potential benefits correlated with donor characteristics. 5

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Viral myocarditis can present with diverse cardiac emergencies in young children, requiring serial echocardiographic monitoring. 43
  • Elderly: Increased susceptibility to severe outcomes; management focuses on supportive care and monitoring for complications like mural thrombi. 44

    • Key Recommendations

  • Supportive Management: Implement comprehensive supportive care including heart failure management and monitoring for arrhythmias. (Evidence: Moderate 34)
  • Consider Immunomodulatory Therapy: Evaluate the use of immunomodulatory agents like IL-10 for reducing inflammation in severe cases. (Evidence: Moderate 30)
  • Monitor and Manage Complications: Regular echocardiographic and biomarker assessments to detect early signs of heart failure and mural thrombi, especially in pediatric and elderly patients. (Evidence: Expert opinion 4344)

    • References

    1 Zhang J, Zhao C, Zhang W, Zhang M, Li F, Shang H et al.. Danhong Injection targets CaMKII through Dihydrotanshinone I to alleviate cardiomyocyte death and inflammation in viral myocarditis. Science China. Life sciences 2026. link 2 Kaviani R, Eftekhari SS, Pouraliakbar H, Hosseini S, Nokhbezaeim H, Azad HF et al.. First Case of Endoscopic Resection for Left Atrial Appendage Aneurysm with Suspected Viral Myocarditis: A Multimodal Approach-Uncorrected Proof. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir 2026. link 3 Osiecki A, Wiligórska D, Kołos M, Pawlak A. Arrhythmias and conduction disorders in patients with viral heart disease. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2025. link 4 He F, Liu Z, Feng M, Xiao Z, Yi X, Wu J et al.. The lncRNA MEG3/miRNA-21/P38MAPK axis inhibits coxsackievirus 3 replication in acute viral myocarditis. Virus research 2024. link 5 Beetler DJ, Giresi P, Di Florio DN, Fliess JJ, McCabe EJ, Watkins MM et al.. Therapeutic effects of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles on viral myocarditis correlate with biomolecular content. Frontiers in immunology 2024. link 6 Jing X, Hao L, Yuan-Nan L, Wei-Ke L, Lu-Shen J, Jin-Yan K et al.. The protective effect of LCZ696 in coxsackievirus B3-induced acute viral myocarditis mice. ESC heart failure 2023. link 7 Shi H, Yu Y, Liu X, Yu Y, Li M, Wang Y et al.. Inhibition of calpain reduces cell apoptosis by suppressing mitochondrial fission in acute viral myocarditis. Cell biology and toxicology 2022. link 8 Carai P, Papageorgiou AP, Van Linthout S, Deckx S, Velthuis S, Lutgens E et al.. Stabilin-1 mediates beneficial monocyte recruitment and tolerogenic macrophage programming during CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2022. link 9 Yang J, Zhang H, Wang X, Guo J, Wei L, Song Y et al.. Kruppel-like factor 10 protects against acute viral myocarditis by negatively regulating cardiac MCP-1 expression. Cellular & molecular immunology 2021. link 10 Li J, Tu J, Gao H, Tang L. MicroRNA-425-3p inhibits myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice with viral myocarditis through targeting TGF-β1. Immunity, inflammation and disease 2021. link 11 Xia K, Zhang Y, Sun D. miR‑217 and miR‑543 downregulation mitigates inflammatory response and myocardial injury in children with viral myocarditis by regulating the SIRT1/AMPK/NF‑κB signaling pathway. International journal of molecular medicine 2020. link 12 Liu T, Zhang M, Niu H, Liu J, Ruilian M, Wang Y et al.. Astragalus polysaccharide from Astragalus Melittin ameliorates inflammation via suppressing the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway and protects mice from CVB3-induced virus myocarditis. International journal of biological macromolecules 2019. link 13 Zheng C, Wu SM, Lian H, Lin YZ, Zhuang R, Thapa S et al.. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound attenuates cardiac inflammation of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis via regulation of caveolin-1 and MAPK pathways. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2019. link 14 Rienks M, Papageorgiou A, Wouters K, Verhesen W, Leeuwen RV, Carai P et al.. A novel 72-kDa leukocyte-derived osteoglycin enhances the activation of toll-like receptor 4 and exacerbates cardiac inflammation during viral myocarditis. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2017. link 15 Lu SC, Zhang JP, Zhu YP, Zhou YN, Xiao N, Guo XC et al.. A randomized clinical study on optimum proposal of integration of disease and syndrome to treat viral myocarditis. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2015. link 16 Antoniak S, Mackman N. Coagulation, protease-activated receptors, and viral myocarditis. Journal of cardiovascular translational research 2014. link 17 Zhang Q, Xiao Z, He F, Zou J, Wu S, Liu Z. MicroRNAs regulate the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Intervirology 2013. link 18 Philip J, Xu Z, Bowles NE, Vallejo JG. Cardiac-specific overexpression of melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 protects mice from lethal viral myocarditis. Circulation. Heart failure 2013. link 19 Xu HF, Ding YJ, Shen YW, Xue AM, Xu HM, Luo CL et al.. MicroRNA- 1 represses Cx43 expression in viral myocarditis. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2012. link 20 Luo H, Wong J, Wong B. Protein degradation systems in viral myocarditis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular research 2010. link 21 Li L, Sherry B. IFN-alpha expression and antiviral effects are subtype and cell type specific in the cardiac response to viral infection. Virology 2010. link 22 Fengqin L, Yulin W, Xiaoxin Z, Youpeng J, Yan C, Qing-qing W et al.. The heart-protective mechanism of Qishaowuwei formula on murine viral myocarditis induced by CVB3. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2010. link 23 Yuan J, Cao AL, Yu M, Lin QW, Yu X, Zhang JH et al.. Th17 cells facilitate the humoral immune response in patients with acute viral myocarditis. Journal of clinical immunology 2010. link 24 Chun-yan G, Bo H, Hong C, Hong-lei J, Xiu-zhen H. Anti-perforin neutralizing antibody reduces myocardial injury in viral myocarditis. Cardiology in the young 2009. link 25 Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ye G, Huang C, Yang Y, Chen R et al.. Antiviral effects of sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in rats. Life sciences 2006. link 26 DeBiasi RL, Robinson BA, Sherry B, Bouchard R, Brown RD, Rizeq M et al.. Caspase inhibition protects against reovirus-induced myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo. Journal of virology 2004. link 27 Shen Y, Xu W, Chu YW, Wang Y, Liu QS, Xiong SD. Coxsackievirus group B type 3 infection upregulates expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cardiac myocytes, which leads to enhanced migration of mononuclear cells in viral myocarditis. Journal of virology 2004. link 28 Kitaura-Inenaga K, Hara M, Higuchi K, Yamamoto K, Yamaki A, Ono K et al.. Gene expression of cardiac mast cell chymase and tryptase in a murine model of heart failure caused by viral myocarditis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2003. link 29 Tanaka T, Kanda T, McManus BM, Kanai H, Akiyama H, Sekiguchi K et al.. Overexpression of interleukin-6 aggravates viral myocarditis: impaired increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2001. link 30 Nishio R, Matsumori A, Shioi T, Ishida H, Sasayama S. Treatment of experimental viral myocarditis with interleukin-10. Circulation 1999. link 31 Seko Y, Takahashi N, Azuma M, Yagita H, Okumura K, Yazaki Y. Expression of costimulatory molecule CD40 in murine heart with acute myocarditis and reduction of inflammation by treatment with anti-CD40L/B7-1 monoclonal antibodies. Circulation research 1998. link 32 Shioi T, Matsumori A, Nishio R, Ono K, Kakio T, Sasayama S. Protective role of interleukin-12 in viral myocarditis. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 1997. link 33 Seko Y, Yagita H, Okumura K, Yazaki Y. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3. The Journal of pathology 1996. link1096-9896(199612)180:4<450::AID-PATH693>3.0.CO;2-5) 34 Peng T, Yang Y, Riesemann H, Kandolf R. The inhibitory effect of astragalus membranaceus on coxsackie B-3 virus RNA replication. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih 1995. link 35 Matsui S, Matsumori A, Matoba Y, Uchida A, Sasayama S. Treatment of virus-induced myocardial injury with a novel immunomodulating agent, vesnarinone. Suppression of natural killer cell activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. The Journal of clinical investigation 1994. link 36 Shen CT, Jeng CM, Lin YM, Chieng PU. Intensification of relative myocardial T2-weighted magnetic resonance signals in patients with acute viral myocarditis: report of one case. Zhonghua Minguo xiao er ke yi xue hui za zhi [Journal]. Zhonghua Minguo xiao er ke yi xue hui 1993. link 37 Yamada T, Matsumori A, Okada I, Tominaga M, Kawai C. The effect of alpha 1-blocker, bunazosin on a murine model of congestive heart failure induced by viral myocarditis. Japanese circulation journal 1992. link 38 Sato Y, Maruyama S, Kawai C, Matsumori A. Effect of immunostimulant therapy on acute viral myocarditis in an animal model. American heart journal 1992. link90609-y) 39 Seko Y, Shinkai Y, Kawasaki A, Yagita H, Okumura K, Takaku F et al.. Expression of perforin in infiltrating cells in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3. Circulation 1991. link 40 Yokoyama T, Kanda T, Suzuki T, Murata K. Combination therapy of OK432 and recombinant human interferon alpha A/D on viral myocarditis in mice starting after infection. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 1991. link 41 Kandolf R, Ameis D, Kirschner P, Canu A, Hofschneider PH. In situ detection of enteroviral genomes in myocardial cells by nucleic acid hybridization: an approach to the diagnosis of viral heart disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1987. link 42 Tomioka N, Kishimoto C, Matsumori A, Kawai C. Effects of prednisolone on acute viral myocarditis in mice. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1986. link80349-7) 43 Weinhouse E, Wanderman KL, Sofer S, Gussarsky Y, Gueron M. Viral myocarditis simulating dilated cardiomyopathy in early childhood: evaluation by serial echocardiography. British heart journal 1986. link 44 Tomioka N, Kishimoto C, Matsumori A, Kawai C. Mural thrombi in mice with acute viral myocarditis. Japanese circulation journal 1985. link 45 Kandolf R, Hofschneider PH. Molecular cloning of the genome of a cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 virus: full-length reverse-transcribed recombinant cDNA generates infectious virus in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1985. link 46 Kishimoto C, Tamaki S, Matsumori A, Tomioka N, Kawai C. The protection of coenzyme Q10 against experimental viral myocarditis in mice. Japanese circulation journal 1984. link 47 Olinic N, Vida Simiti L, Văleanu S, Bedeleanu D, Vlaicu R, Petrescu M et al.. Viral myocarditis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and evolutive diversity. Medecine interne 1981. link 48 Burch GE, Rayburn P. EMC viral infection of the coronary blood vessels in newborn mice: viral vasculitis. British journal of experimental pathology 1977. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Danhong Injection targets CaMKII through Dihydrotanshinone I to alleviate cardiomyocyte death and inflammation in viral myocarditis. — Zhang J, Zhao C, Zhang W, Zhang M, Li F, Shang H et al. Science China. Life sciences (2026)
    2. [2]
      First Case of Endoscopic Resection for Left Atrial Appendage Aneurysm with Suspected Viral Myocarditis: A Multimodal Approach-Uncorrected Proof. — Kaviani R, Eftekhari SS, Pouraliakbar H, Hosseini S, Nokhbezaeim H, Azad HF et al. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir (2026)
    3. [3]
      Arrhythmias and conduction disorders in patients with viral heart disease. — Osiecki A, Wiligórska D, Kołos M, Pawlak A Minerva cardiology and angiology (2025)
    4. [4]
      The lncRNA MEG3/miRNA-21/P38MAPK axis inhibits coxsackievirus 3 replication in acute viral myocarditis. — He F, Liu Z, Feng M, Xiao Z, Yi X, Wu J et al. Virus research (2024)
    5. [5]
      Therapeutic effects of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles on viral myocarditis correlate with biomolecular content. — Beetler DJ, Giresi P, Di Florio DN, Fliess JJ, McCabe EJ, Watkins MM et al. Frontiers in immunology (2024)
    6. [6]
      The protective effect of LCZ696 in coxsackievirus B3-induced acute viral myocarditis mice. — Jing X, Hao L, Yuan-Nan L, Wei-Ke L, Lu-Shen J, Jin-Yan K et al. ESC heart failure (2023)
    7. [7]
      Inhibition of calpain reduces cell apoptosis by suppressing mitochondrial fission in acute viral myocarditis. — Shi H, Yu Y, Liu X, Yu Y, Li M, Wang Y et al. Cell biology and toxicology (2022)
    8. [8]
      Stabilin-1 mediates beneficial monocyte recruitment and tolerogenic macrophage programming during CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. — Carai P, Papageorgiou AP, Van Linthout S, Deckx S, Velthuis S, Lutgens E et al. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology (2022)
    9. [9]
      Kruppel-like factor 10 protects against acute viral myocarditis by negatively regulating cardiac MCP-1 expression. — Yang J, Zhang H, Wang X, Guo J, Wei L, Song Y et al. Cellular & molecular immunology (2021)
    10. [10]
      MicroRNA-425-3p inhibits myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice with viral myocarditis through targeting TGF-β1. — Li J, Tu J, Gao H, Tang L Immunity, inflammation and disease (2021)
    11. [11]
      miR‑217 and miR‑543 downregulation mitigates inflammatory response and myocardial injury in children with viral myocarditis by regulating the SIRT1/AMPK/NF‑κB signaling pathway. — Xia K, Zhang Y, Sun D International journal of molecular medicine (2020)
    12. [12]
      Astragalus polysaccharide from Astragalus Melittin ameliorates inflammation via suppressing the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway and protects mice from CVB3-induced virus myocarditis. — Liu T, Zhang M, Niu H, Liu J, Ruilian M, Wang Y et al. International journal of biological macromolecules (2019)
    13. [13]
      Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound attenuates cardiac inflammation of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis via regulation of caveolin-1 and MAPK pathways. — Zheng C, Wu SM, Lian H, Lin YZ, Zhuang R, Thapa S et al. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine (2019)
    14. [14]
      A novel 72-kDa leukocyte-derived osteoglycin enhances the activation of toll-like receptor 4 and exacerbates cardiac inflammation during viral myocarditis. — Rienks M, Papageorgiou A, Wouters K, Verhesen W, Leeuwen RV, Carai P et al. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS (2017)
    15. [15]
      A randomized clinical study on optimum proposal of integration of disease and syndrome to treat viral myocarditis. — Lu SC, Zhang JP, Zhu YP, Zhou YN, Xiao N, Guo XC et al. Chinese journal of integrative medicine (2015)
    16. [16]
      Coagulation, protease-activated receptors, and viral myocarditis. — Antoniak S, Mackman N Journal of cardiovascular translational research (2014)
    17. [17]
      MicroRNAs regulate the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. — Zhang Q, Xiao Z, He F, Zou J, Wu S, Liu Z Intervirology (2013)
    18. [18]
      Cardiac-specific overexpression of melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 protects mice from lethal viral myocarditis. — Philip J, Xu Z, Bowles NE, Vallejo JG Circulation. Heart failure (2013)
    19. [19]
      MicroRNA- 1 represses Cx43 expression in viral myocarditis. — Xu HF, Ding YJ, Shen YW, Xue AM, Xu HM, Luo CL et al. Molecular and cellular biochemistry (2012)
    20. [20]
      Protein degradation systems in viral myocarditis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. — Luo H, Wong J, Wong B Cardiovascular research (2010)
    21. [21]
      IFN-alpha expression and antiviral effects are subtype and cell type specific in the cardiac response to viral infection. — Li L, Sherry B Virology (2010)
    22. [22]
      The heart-protective mechanism of Qishaowuwei formula on murine viral myocarditis induced by CVB3. — Fengqin L, Yulin W, Xiaoxin Z, Youpeng J, Yan C, Qing-qing W et al. Journal of ethnopharmacology (2010)
    23. [23]
      Th17 cells facilitate the humoral immune response in patients with acute viral myocarditis. — Yuan J, Cao AL, Yu M, Lin QW, Yu X, Zhang JH et al. Journal of clinical immunology (2010)
    24. [24]
      Anti-perforin neutralizing antibody reduces myocardial injury in viral myocarditis. — Chun-yan G, Bo H, Hong C, Hong-lei J, Xiu-zhen H Cardiology in the young (2009)
    25. [25]
      Antiviral effects of sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in rats. — Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ye G, Huang C, Yang Y, Chen R et al. Life sciences (2006)
    26. [26]
      Caspase inhibition protects against reovirus-induced myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo. — DeBiasi RL, Robinson BA, Sherry B, Bouchard R, Brown RD, Rizeq M et al. Journal of virology (2004)
    27. [27]
      Coxsackievirus group B type 3 infection upregulates expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cardiac myocytes, which leads to enhanced migration of mononuclear cells in viral myocarditis. — Shen Y, Xu W, Chu YW, Wang Y, Liu QS, Xiong SD Journal of virology (2004)
    28. [28]
      Gene expression of cardiac mast cell chymase and tryptase in a murine model of heart failure caused by viral myocarditis. — Kitaura-Inenaga K, Hara M, Higuchi K, Yamamoto K, Yamaki A, Ono K et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2003)
    29. [29]
      Overexpression of interleukin-6 aggravates viral myocarditis: impaired increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha. — Tanaka T, Kanda T, McManus BM, Kanai H, Akiyama H, Sekiguchi K et al. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology (2001)
    30. [30]
      Treatment of experimental viral myocarditis with interleukin-10. — Nishio R, Matsumori A, Shioi T, Ishida H, Sasayama S Circulation (1999)
    31. [31]
      Expression of costimulatory molecule CD40 in murine heart with acute myocarditis and reduction of inflammation by treatment with anti-CD40L/B7-1 monoclonal antibodies. — Seko Y, Takahashi N, Azuma M, Yagita H, Okumura K, Yazaki Y Circulation research (1998)
    32. [32]
      Protective role of interleukin-12 in viral myocarditis. — Shioi T, Matsumori A, Nishio R, Ono K, Kakio T, Sasayama S Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology (1997)
    33. [33]
      Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3. — Seko Y, Yagita H, Okumura K, Yazaki Y The Journal of pathology (1996)
    34. [34]
      The inhibitory effect of astragalus membranaceus on coxsackie B-3 virus RNA replication. — Peng T, Yang Y, Riesemann H, Kandolf R Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih (1995)
    35. [35]
      Treatment of virus-induced myocardial injury with a novel immunomodulating agent, vesnarinone. Suppression of natural killer cell activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. — Matsui S, Matsumori A, Matoba Y, Uchida A, Sasayama S The Journal of clinical investigation (1994)
    36. [36]
      Intensification of relative myocardial T2-weighted magnetic resonance signals in patients with acute viral myocarditis: report of one case. — Shen CT, Jeng CM, Lin YM, Chieng PU Zhonghua Minguo xiao er ke yi xue hui za zhi [Journal]. Zhonghua Minguo xiao er ke yi xue hui (1993)
    37. [37]
      The effect of alpha 1-blocker, bunazosin on a murine model of congestive heart failure induced by viral myocarditis. — Yamada T, Matsumori A, Okada I, Tominaga M, Kawai C Japanese circulation journal (1992)
    38. [38]
      Effect of immunostimulant therapy on acute viral myocarditis in an animal model. — Sato Y, Maruyama S, Kawai C, Matsumori A American heart journal (1992)
    39. [39]
      Expression of perforin in infiltrating cells in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3. — Seko Y, Shinkai Y, Kawasaki A, Yagita H, Okumura K, Takaku F et al. Circulation (1991)
    40. [40]
      Combination therapy of OK432 and recombinant human interferon alpha A/D on viral myocarditis in mice starting after infection. — Yokoyama T, Kanda T, Suzuki T, Murata K The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics (1991)
    41. [41]
      In situ detection of enteroviral genomes in myocardial cells by nucleic acid hybridization: an approach to the diagnosis of viral heart disease. — Kandolf R, Ameis D, Kirschner P, Canu A, Hofschneider PH Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1987)
    42. [42]
      Effects of prednisolone on acute viral myocarditis in mice. — Tomioka N, Kishimoto C, Matsumori A, Kawai C Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1986)
    43. [43]
      Viral myocarditis simulating dilated cardiomyopathy in early childhood: evaluation by serial echocardiography. — Weinhouse E, Wanderman KL, Sofer S, Gussarsky Y, Gueron M British heart journal (1986)
    44. [44]
      Mural thrombi in mice with acute viral myocarditis. — Tomioka N, Kishimoto C, Matsumori A, Kawai C Japanese circulation journal (1985)
    45. [45]
      Molecular cloning of the genome of a cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 virus: full-length reverse-transcribed recombinant cDNA generates infectious virus in mammalian cells. — Kandolf R, Hofschneider PH Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1985)
    46. [46]
      The protection of coenzyme Q10 against experimental viral myocarditis in mice. — Kishimoto C, Tamaki S, Matsumori A, Tomioka N, Kawai C Japanese circulation journal (1984)
    47. [47]
      Viral myocarditis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and evolutive diversity. — Olinic N, Vida Simiti L, Văleanu S, Bedeleanu D, Vlaicu R, Petrescu M et al. Medecine interne (1981)
    48. [48]
      EMC viral infection of the coronary blood vessels in newborn mice: viral vasculitis. — Burch GE, Rayburn P British journal of experimental pathology (1977)
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