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Catarrhal bronchitis — Clinical Guidelines

Overview

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a severe, often fatal disease caused by gammaherpesviruses, primarily affecting cattle and other susceptible species following exposure to infected sheep. It is characterized by systemic vasculitis, particularly affecting the rete mirabile arteries, leading to multi-organ dysfunction including potential neurological involvement 1 2 3 5.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs: Sudden onset of fever, depression, anorexia, and variable respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal symptoms 6.

Histopathology: Characteristic vasculitis with adventitial infiltration of macrophages and T cells, often with systemic involvement 1 3 5.

Immunohistochemistry: Expression of MHC class I and II antigens in vascular walls, with predominant macrophage infiltration 3.

Immune Complexes: Detection of immune complex deposits in renal tissues, though virus antigen detection is rare 4.

Management

Supportive Care: Focus on supportive measures including fluid therapy, nutritional support, and management of secondary complications 6.

No Specific Antiviral Therapy: Currently, no specific antiviral treatment is widely recommended or supported by the abstracts 6 4.

Monitoring: Close monitoring for neurological signs and organ dysfunction, given the systemic nature of the disease 2.

Special Populations

No Specific Data: Limited information provided regarding MCF in pregnant cattle, pediatric calves, or elderly animals 6 1 3 4 5.

Key Recommendations

Histopathological Examination: Confirm diagnosis through histopathological examination of affected tissues, focusing on vasculitis patterns 1 3 5 (Evidence: Strong).

Supportive Treatment: Implement comprehensive supportive care to manage symptoms and complications, given the lack of specific antiviral treatments 6 (Evidence: Moderate).

Monitor for Neurological Involvement: Regularly assess for neurological signs due to potential CNS involvement 2 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

1 Saura-Martinez H, Al-Saadi M, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Role of Latent Virus and Macrophages in Vasculitis. Veterinary pathology 2021. link 2 Hierweger MM, Boujon CL, Kauer RV, Meylan M, Seuberlich T, Oevermann A. Cerebral Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Infection of Cattle Is Associated With a Variable Neuropathological Phenotype. Veterinary pathology 2021. link 3 Nakajima Y, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K, Kodama M, Honma Y. Surface marker analysis of the vascular and epithelia lesions in cattle with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. The Journal of veterinary medical science 1994. link 4 Patel JR, Edington N. Immune complexes associated with infection of cattle by the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever. Veterinary microbiology 1982. link90013-x) 5 Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC. The pathomorphology of malignant catarrhal fever. I. Generalized lymphoid vasculitis. Veterinary pathology 1980. link 6 Pierson RE, Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC, McChesney A, Storz J. Clinical and clinicopathologic observations in induced malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1978. link

Catarrhal bronchitis