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Otolaryngology (ENT)3820 papers

Chronic rhinosinusitis

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, often characterized by symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and reduced sense of smell, with or without nasal polyps 1848.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical symptoms including nasal obstruction, facial pain/pressure, and decreased sense of smell 8.
  • Nasal endoscopy to visualize mucosal changes and polyps 133.
  • Imaging studies, particularly CT scans, for anatomical assessment and severity evaluation 3646.
  • No specific laboratory tests; however, biomarkers like eosinophil counts may be relevant 310.
  • Practice parameters recommend evidence-based approaches for diagnosis (Evidence: Strong) 7.

    • Management

  • First-line treatments:
    • - Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone, mometasone) 7. - Saline irrigation 7.
  • Adjunctive treatments:
    • - Oral corticosteroids for acute exacerbations 727. - Leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast) 7. - Biologic agents like dupilumab for severe cases, particularly with comorbid asthma or atopic dermatitis 214. - Mepolizumab for eosinophil-driven CRS 3.
  • Surgical interventions:
    • - Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for refractory cases 44346.
  • Vitamin D supplementation:
    • - Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits in CRS with nasal polyposis 130.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Management strategies vary; multidisciplinary care involving pediatric otolaryngologists and allergists is recommended 26.
  • Elderly: Prevalence and management considerations noted, though specific guidelines are limited 18.
  • Comorbidities: Asthma, allergic rhinitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are common and influence treatment approaches 828.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Use nasal corticosteroids as first-line therapy for symptom control (Evidence: Strong) 7.
  • Consider biologic agents like dupilumab in severe cases with comorbid asthma or atopic dermatitis (Evidence: Moderate) 214.
  • Evaluate and manage comorbid conditions such as asthma and GERD, as they significantly impact CRS outcomes (Evidence: Moderate) 828.
  • Employ endoscopic sinus surgery judiciously for patients with persistent symptoms despite optimal medical therapy (Evidence: Moderate) 443.
  • Monitor and address potential adverse events associated with biologic therapies, including arthritis and ocular surface reactions (Evidence: Moderate) 26.

    • References

    1 Bakhshaee M, Hosseini SS, Zanghaei A, Najaf Najafi M, Bavi F, Roshanzamir I. The auxiliary effect of vitamin D in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, a clinical trial. Acta oto-laryngologica 2025. link 2 Annadata VS, Huynh PP, Liang J. Arthritis-Related Adverse Reactions of Dupilumab in Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. The Laryngoscope 2025. link 3 Stephanian B, Liu K, Salazar AM, Saba E, Liang J. Adverse events of mepolizumab in the treatment of nasal polyps: A FDA database evaluation. American journal of otolaryngology 2025. link 4 Bell CM, Thamboo AV, Monteiro E, Yip J. Prescribing Practices and Barriers of Biologics for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Amongst Otolaryngologists. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 5 Kim HAJ, Lee DJ, Shin D, Horton G, Gignac M, Lee JM et al.. Assessing the Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in the Routine Clinical Care of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients: A Canadian Perspective. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2024. link 6 Swisher AR, Kshirsagar RS, Vu PQ, Liang J. Ocular Surface Adverse Events are not Associated with Dupilumab use in Nasal Polyp Treatment. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 7 Kim SL, Rank MA, Peters AT. The chronic rhinosinusitis practice parameter. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2023. link 8 Lechien JR, Saussez S, Hopkins C. Association between laryngopharyngeal reflux, gastroesophageal reflux and recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2023. link 9 Jang DW, Lee HJ, Chen PG, Cohen SM, Scales CD. Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Prior to Otolaryngology Referral: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2022. link 10 Alshareef M, Alsaleh S, Albaharna H, Alghulikah A, Aloulah M, Alroqi A et al.. Utilization of telemedicine in rhinologic practice during COVID-19 pandemic. American journal of otolaryngology 2021. link 11 Yim MT, Orlandi RR, Oakley GM, Alt JA. The Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) Is a Poor Diagnostic Tool for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2021. link 12 Klimek L, Hagemann J, Alali A, Spielhaupter M, Huppertz T, Hormann K et al.. The toll of noninfected CRS patients to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology 2020. link 13 Assiri K, Alroqi A, Aldrees T, Almatrafi S. Assessment of International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification among senior residents through inter- and intra-rater reliability. Saudi medical journal 2020. link 14 Riley CA, Zheng Z, Williams N, Smith TL, Orlandi RR, Tabaee A. Concordance of self-reported practice patterns of American Rhinologic Society members with the International Consensus Statement of Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2020. link 15 Shin JJ, Carroll TL, Prince AA, Landman AB. The Utility and Feasibility of Extending Beyond Traditional Patient Descriptions in Daily Practice. The Laryngoscope 2020. link 16 Li KL, Fang CH, Ferastraoaru D, Akbar NA, Jerschow E, Abuzeid WM. Patient Satisfaction and Efficiency Benefits of a Novel Multidisciplinary Rhinology and Allergy Clinic. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2020. link 17 Kaper NM, Aarts MCJ, van Benthem PPG, van der Heijden GJMG. Otolaryngologists adhere to evidence-based guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2019. link 18 Hwang CS, Lee HS, Kim SN, Kim JH, Park DJ, Kim KS. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the Elderly Population of Korea. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2019. link 19 Hellings PW. Entering a new era of Predictive Medicine in Rhinology. Rhinology 2018. link 20 Tao X, Chen F, Sun Y, Wu S, Hong H, Shi J et al.. Prediction models for postoperative uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis in daily practice. The Laryngoscope 2018. link 21 Tabaee A, Riley CA, Brown SM, McCoul ED. Nasal Endoscopy Billing Patterns: A Survey of the American Rhinologic Society. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2018. link 22 Mattos JL, Soler ZM, Rudmik L, Manes PR, Higgins TS, Lee J et al.. A framework for quality measurement in the presurgical care of chronic rhinosinusitis: a review from the Quality Improvement Committee of the American Rhinologic Society. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2018. link 23 Vennik J, Eyles C, Thomas M, Hopkins C, Little P, Blackshaw H et al.. Management strategies for chronic rhinosinusitis: a qualitative study of GP and ENT specialist views of current practice in the UK. BMJ open 2018. link 24 Succar EF, Turner JH. Recent advances in understanding chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes. F1000Research 2018. link 25 Fokkens WJ. Evidence-based and precision medicine two of a kind. Rhinology 2017. link 26 Beswick DM, Messner AH, Hwang PH. Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis Management in Rhinologists and Pediatric Otolaryngologists. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2017. link 27 Scott JR, Ernst HM, Rotenberg BW, Rudmik L, Sowerby LJ. Oral corticosteroid prescribing habits for rhinosinusitis: The American Rhinologic Society membership. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2017. link 28 Chapurin N, Pynnonen MA, Roberts R, Schulz K, Shin JJ, Witsell DL et al.. CHEER National Study of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Practice Patterns: Disease Comorbidities and Factors Associated with Surgery. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2017. link 29 Gamba P, Lombardi C. Eosinophil fungal rhinosinusitis caused by Fusarium infection secondary to odontogenic maxillary sinus disease: when collaboration between otolaryngologist and allergologist leads to the correct diagnosis and therapy. European annals of allergy and clinical immunology 2017. link 30 Christensen JM, Cheng J, Earls P, Gunton J, Sewell W, Sacks R et al.. Vitamin D pathway regulatory genes encoding 1α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase are dysregulated in sinonasal tissue during chronic rhinosinusitis. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2017. link 31 Gonik NJ, Bluth MH. Otolaryngology Concerns for Illicit and Prescription Drug Use. Clinics in laboratory medicine 2016. link 32 Ansari S, Rotenberg BW, Sowerby LJ. Oral corticosteroid prescribing habits of Canadian Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2016. link 33 Meier JC, Remenschneider AK, Gray ST, Holbrook EH, Gliklich RE, Metson R. The impact of surgical trainee participation on sinus surgery outcomes. The Laryngoscope 2016. link 34 Lange B, Thilsing T, Baelum J, Pedersen OF, Holst R, Kjeldsen AD. Do patients with chronic rhinosinusitis benefit from consultation with an ENT-doctor?. Acta oto-laryngologica 2015. link 35 Poetker DM, Smith TL. Medicolegal Implications of Common Rhinologic Medications. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2015. link 36 Batra PS, Setzen M, Li Y, Han JK, Setzen G. Computed tomography imaging practice patterns in adult chronic rhinosinusitis: survey of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and American Rhinologic Society membership. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2015. link 37 Halderman AA, Stokken J, Momin SR, Smith TL, Sindwani R. Attitudes on and usage of balloon catheter technology in rhinology: A survey of the American Rhinologic Society. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2015. link 38 Sansoni ER, Sautter NB, Mace JC, Smith TL, Yawn JR, Lawrence LA et al.. Vitamin D3 as a novel regulator of basic fibroblast growth factor in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2015. link 39 Sedaghat AR, Gray ST, Kieff DA. Preapproval of sinus computed tomography for otolaryngologic evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis does not save health care costs. The Laryngoscope 2014. link 40 Chung SD, Hung SH, Lin HC, Lin CC. Health care service utilization among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a population-based study. The Laryngoscope 2014. link 41 Meier JC, Remenschneider AK, D'Amico L, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, Metson R. A new model for collection of clinical outcomes data in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2014. link 42 Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J. Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey study. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2012. link 43 McCoul ED, Smith TL, Mace JC, Anand VK, Senior BA, Hwang PH et al.. Interrater agreement of nasal endoscopy in patients with a prior history of endoscopic sinus surgery. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2012. link 44 Beriat GK, Yalçınkaya E, Akmansu SH, Alhan A, Erdoğan FG, Tuğrul B. Evaluation of the clinical effects of isotretinoin on chronic rhinosinusitis. Kulak burun bogaz ihtisas dergisi : KBB = Journal of ear, nose, and throat 2011. link 45 Venkatraman G, Likosky DS, Morrison D, Zhou W, Finlayson SR, Goodman DC. Small area variation in endoscopic sinus surgery rates among the Medicare population. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery 2011. link 46 Stewart AE, Vaughan WC. Balloon sinuplasty versus surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Current allergy and asthma reports 2010. link 47 Yeo JC, Hilmi OJ, McGarry GW. Characterising and quantifying outcomes in rhinology out-patients: measurements in the 'real world'. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2010. link 48 Van Crombruggen K, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, Bachert C. Chronic sinusitis and rhinitis: clinical terminology "Chronic Rhinosinusitis" further supported. Rhinology 2010. link 49 Ramanathan M, Turner JH, Lane AP. Technical advances in rhinologic basic science research. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2009. link 50 Kilty SJ, Desrosiers MY. The role of bacterial biofilms and the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Current allergy and asthma reports 2008. link 51 Yamin M, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, Harold R, Busaba N, Sridhar A et al.. Cigarette smoke combined with Toll-like receptor 3 signaling triggers exaggerated epithelial regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted/CCL5 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2008. link 52 Wasan A, Fernandez E, Jamison RN, Bhattacharyya N. Association of anxiety and depression with reported disease severity in patients undergoing evaluation for chronic rhinosinusitis. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2007. link 53 Kaszuba SM, Stewart MG. Medical management and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis: A survey of treatment patterns by United States otolaryngologists. American journal of rhinology 2006. link 54 Bhattacharyya N. Symptom and disease severity differences between nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2005. link 55 Smith TL. Outcomes research in rhinology: chronic rhinosinusitis. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties 2004. link 56 Krause HF. Allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2003. link 57 Anselmo-Lima WT, Lund VJ. The effects of endoscopic sinus surgery on the nasal cycle as assessed by acoustic rhinometry. American journal of rhinology 2001. link 58 Krouse JH. Computed tomography stage, allergy testing, and quality of life in patients with sinusitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2000. link

    Original source

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      The auxiliary effect of vitamin D in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, a clinical trial. — Bakhshaee M, Hosseini SS, Zanghaei A, Najaf Najafi M, Bavi F, Roshanzamir I Acta oto-laryngologica (2025)
    2. [2]
      Arthritis-Related Adverse Reactions of Dupilumab in Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. — Annadata VS, Huynh PP, Liang J The Laryngoscope (2025)
    3. [3]
      Adverse events of mepolizumab in the treatment of nasal polyps: A FDA database evaluation. — Stephanian B, Liu K, Salazar AM, Saba E, Liang J American journal of otolaryngology (2025)
    4. [4]
      Prescribing Practices and Barriers of Biologics for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Amongst Otolaryngologists. — Bell CM, Thamboo AV, Monteiro E, Yip J The Laryngoscope (2024)
    5. [5]
      Assessing the Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in the Routine Clinical Care of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients: A Canadian Perspective. — Kim HAJ, Lee DJ, Shin D, Horton G, Gignac M, Lee JM et al. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale (2024)
    6. [6]
      Ocular Surface Adverse Events are not Associated with Dupilumab use in Nasal Polyp Treatment. — Swisher AR, Kshirsagar RS, Vu PQ, Liang J The Laryngoscope (2024)
    7. [7]
      The chronic rhinosinusitis practice parameter. — Kim SL, Rank MA, Peters AT Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2023)
    8. [8]
      Association between laryngopharyngeal reflux, gastroesophageal reflux and recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. — Lechien JR, Saussez S, Hopkins C Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery (2023)
    9. [9]
      Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Prior to Otolaryngology Referral: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement. — Jang DW, Lee HJ, Chen PG, Cohen SM, Scales CD Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2022)
    10. [10]
      Utilization of telemedicine in rhinologic practice during COVID-19 pandemic. — Alshareef M, Alsaleh S, Albaharna H, Alghulikah A, Aloulah M, Alroqi A et al. American journal of otolaryngology (2021)
    11. [11]
      The Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) Is a Poor Diagnostic Tool for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. — Yim MT, Orlandi RR, Oakley GM, Alt JA The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2021)
    12. [12]
      The toll of noninfected CRS patients to the COVID-19 pandemic. — Klimek L, Hagemann J, Alali A, Spielhaupter M, Huppertz T, Hormann K et al. Rhinology (2020)
    13. [13]
      Assessment of International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification among senior residents through inter- and intra-rater reliability. — Assiri K, Alroqi A, Aldrees T, Almatrafi S Saudi medical journal (2020)
    14. [14]
      Concordance of self-reported practice patterns of American Rhinologic Society members with the International Consensus Statement of Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis. — Riley CA, Zheng Z, Williams N, Smith TL, Orlandi RR, Tabaee A International forum of allergy & rhinology (2020)
    15. [15]
      The Utility and Feasibility of Extending Beyond Traditional Patient Descriptions in Daily Practice. — Shin JJ, Carroll TL, Prince AA, Landman AB The Laryngoscope (2020)
    16. [16]
      Patient Satisfaction and Efficiency Benefits of a Novel Multidisciplinary Rhinology and Allergy Clinic. — Li KL, Fang CH, Ferastraoaru D, Akbar NA, Jerschow E, Abuzeid WM The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2020)
    17. [17]
      Otolaryngologists adhere to evidence-based guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis. — Kaper NM, Aarts MCJ, van Benthem PPG, van der Heijden GJMG European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2019)
    18. [18]
      Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the Elderly Population of Korea. — Hwang CS, Lee HS, Kim SN, Kim JH, Park DJ, Kim KS American journal of rhinology & allergy (2019)
    19. [19]
      Entering a new era of Predictive Medicine in Rhinology. — Hellings PW Rhinology (2018)
    20. [20]
      Prediction models for postoperative uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis in daily practice. — Tao X, Chen F, Sun Y, Wu S, Hong H, Shi J et al. The Laryngoscope (2018)
    21. [21]
      Nasal Endoscopy Billing Patterns: A Survey of the American Rhinologic Society. — Tabaee A, Riley CA, Brown SM, McCoul ED American journal of rhinology & allergy (2018)
    22. [22]
      A framework for quality measurement in the presurgical care of chronic rhinosinusitis: a review from the Quality Improvement Committee of the American Rhinologic Society. — Mattos JL, Soler ZM, Rudmik L, Manes PR, Higgins TS, Lee J et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2018)
    23. [23]
      Management strategies for chronic rhinosinusitis: a qualitative study of GP and ENT specialist views of current practice in the UK. — Vennik J, Eyles C, Thomas M, Hopkins C, Little P, Blackshaw H et al. BMJ open (2018)
    24. [24]
      Recent advances in understanding chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes. — Succar EF, Turner JH F1000Research (2018)
    25. [25]
      Evidence-based and precision medicine two of a kind. — Fokkens WJ Rhinology (2017)
    26. [26]
      Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis Management in Rhinologists and Pediatric Otolaryngologists. — Beswick DM, Messner AH, Hwang PH The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2017)
    27. [27]
      Oral corticosteroid prescribing habits for rhinosinusitis: The American Rhinologic Society membership. — Scott JR, Ernst HM, Rotenberg BW, Rudmik L, Sowerby LJ American journal of rhinology & allergy (2017)
    28. [28]
      CHEER National Study of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Practice Patterns: Disease Comorbidities and Factors Associated with Surgery. — Chapurin N, Pynnonen MA, Roberts R, Schulz K, Shin JJ, Witsell DL et al. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2017)
    29. [29]
      Eosinophil fungal rhinosinusitis caused by Fusarium infection secondary to odontogenic maxillary sinus disease: when collaboration between otolaryngologist and allergologist leads to the correct diagnosis and therapy. — Gamba P, Lombardi C European annals of allergy and clinical immunology (2017)
    30. [30]
      Vitamin D pathway regulatory genes encoding 1α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase are dysregulated in sinonasal tissue during chronic rhinosinusitis. — Christensen JM, Cheng J, Earls P, Gunton J, Sewell W, Sacks R et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2017)
    31. [31]
      Otolaryngology Concerns for Illicit and Prescription Drug Use. — Gonik NJ, Bluth MH Clinics in laboratory medicine (2016)
    32. [32]
      Oral corticosteroid prescribing habits of Canadian Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons. — Ansari S, Rotenberg BW, Sowerby LJ Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale (2016)
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      The impact of surgical trainee participation on sinus surgery outcomes. — Meier JC, Remenschneider AK, Gray ST, Holbrook EH, Gliklich RE, Metson R The Laryngoscope (2016)
    34. [34]
      Do patients with chronic rhinosinusitis benefit from consultation with an ENT-doctor? — Lange B, Thilsing T, Baelum J, Pedersen OF, Holst R, Kjeldsen AD Acta oto-laryngologica (2015)
    35. [35]
      Medicolegal Implications of Common Rhinologic Medications. — Poetker DM, Smith TL Otolaryngologic clinics of North America (2015)
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      Computed tomography imaging practice patterns in adult chronic rhinosinusitis: survey of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and American Rhinologic Society membership. — Batra PS, Setzen M, Li Y, Han JK, Setzen G International forum of allergy & rhinology (2015)
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      Attitudes on and usage of balloon catheter technology in rhinology: A survey of the American Rhinologic Society. — Halderman AA, Stokken J, Momin SR, Smith TL, Sindwani R American journal of rhinology & allergy (2015)
    38. [38]
      Vitamin D3 as a novel regulator of basic fibroblast growth factor in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. — Sansoni ER, Sautter NB, Mace JC, Smith TL, Yawn JR, Lawrence LA et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2015)
    39. [39]
      Preapproval of sinus computed tomography for otolaryngologic evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis does not save health care costs. — Sedaghat AR, Gray ST, Kieff DA The Laryngoscope (2014)
    40. [40]
      Health care service utilization among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a population-based study. — Chung SD, Hung SH, Lin HC, Lin CC The Laryngoscope (2014)
    41. [41]
      A new model for collection of clinical outcomes data in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. — Meier JC, Remenschneider AK, D'Amico L, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, Metson R International forum of allergy & rhinology (2014)
    42. [42]
      Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey study. — Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J International forum of allergy & rhinology (2012)
    43. [43]
      Interrater agreement of nasal endoscopy in patients with a prior history of endoscopic sinus surgery. — McCoul ED, Smith TL, Mace JC, Anand VK, Senior BA, Hwang PH et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2012)
    44. [44]
      Evaluation of the clinical effects of isotretinoin on chronic rhinosinusitis. — Beriat GK, Yalçınkaya E, Akmansu SH, Alhan A, Erdoğan FG, Tuğrul B Kulak burun bogaz ihtisas dergisi : KBB = Journal of ear, nose, and throat (2011)
    45. [45]
      Small area variation in endoscopic sinus surgery rates among the Medicare population. — Venkatraman G, Likosky DS, Morrison D, Zhou W, Finlayson SR, Goodman DC Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery (2011)
    46. [46]
      Balloon sinuplasty versus surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. — Stewart AE, Vaughan WC Current allergy and asthma reports (2010)
    47. [47]
      Characterising and quantifying outcomes in rhinology out-patients: measurements in the 'real world'. — Yeo JC, Hilmi OJ, McGarry GW The Journal of laryngology and otology (2010)
    48. [48]
      Chronic sinusitis and rhinitis: clinical terminology "Chronic Rhinosinusitis" further supported. — Van Crombruggen K, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, Bachert C Rhinology (2010)
    49. [49]
      Technical advances in rhinologic basic science research. — Ramanathan M, Turner JH, Lane AP Otolaryngologic clinics of North America (2009)
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      The role of bacterial biofilms and the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. — Kilty SJ, Desrosiers MY Current allergy and asthma reports (2008)
    51. [51]
      Cigarette smoke combined with Toll-like receptor 3 signaling triggers exaggerated epithelial regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted/CCL5 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis. — Yamin M, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, Harold R, Busaba N, Sridhar A et al. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2008)
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      Association of anxiety and depression with reported disease severity in patients undergoing evaluation for chronic rhinosinusitis. — Wasan A, Fernandez E, Jamison RN, Bhattacharyya N The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2007)
    53. [53]
      Medical management and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis: A survey of treatment patterns by United States otolaryngologists. — Kaszuba SM, Stewart MG American journal of rhinology (2006)
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      Symptom and disease severity differences between nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis. — Bhattacharyya N Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2005)
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      Outcomes research in rhinology: chronic rhinosinusitis. — Smith TL ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties (2004)
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      Allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis. — Krause HF Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2003)
    57. [57]
      The effects of endoscopic sinus surgery on the nasal cycle as assessed by acoustic rhinometry. — Anselmo-Lima WT, Lund VJ American journal of rhinology (2001)
    58. [58]
      Computed tomography stage, allergy testing, and quality of life in patients with sinusitis. — Krouse JH Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2000)
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