Overview
Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid crystalline deposits formed in the kidneys that can cause significant pain and potential urinary tract obstruction. Treatment strategies vary based on stone size, location, and patient-specific factors.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 707 indexed papers.
1 Zeng G, Jiang K, Liu S, Wu R, Duan X, Chai CA et al.. Flexible Ureteroscopy with a Flexible and Navigable Suction Ureteral Access Sheath Versus Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Treatment of 2-3 cm Renal Stones: An International, Multicenter, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial. European urology 2026. link 2 Pearle MS, Matlaga BR, Antonelli JA, Chi T, Hsi RS, Kim SK et al.. Surgical Management of Kidney and Ureteral Stones: AUA Guideline (2026). Part III: Treatment of Patients With Kidney and/or Ureteral Stones and Future Directions. The Journal of urology 2026. link 3 Pearle MS, Matlaga BR, Antonelli JA, Chi T, Hsi RS, Kim SK et al.. Surgical Management of Kidney and Ureteral Stones: AUA Guideline (2026). Part II: Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Kidney and/or Ureteral Stones. The Journal of urology 2026. link 4 Henderson S, Reeves T, Somani B. Validating ChatGPT-4-Generated Patient Information Leaflets for Common Endourological Procedures: A Survey of Urology Health Care Professionals. Journal of endourology 2026. link 5 Smith LJ, James E, Santos E, Lukas VA, Wollin DA, Sobel DW. Integrating advanced practice providers in kidney stone prevention: patterns, barriers, and opportunities. Urolithiasis 2026. link 6 Pearle MS, Matlaga BR, Antonelli JA, Chi T, Hsi RS, Kim SK et al.. Surgical Management of Kidney and Ureteral Stones: AUA Guideline (2026) Part I: Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Kidney and/or Ureteral Stones. The Journal of urology 2026. link 7 Bowers L, Maciolek K, Hsi RS, Kavoussi N. Uncertainty During Ureteroscopy: Evaluating Surgeon Consensus on In Vivo Stone Dust After Laser Lithotripsy. Urology 2026. link 8 Shen Y, Yang Y, Wei X, Liang J, Liu Z. Drug-induced nephrolithiasis: a real-world pharmacovigilance study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Expert opinion on drug safety 2026. link 9 Pozdzik A, Sakhaee K, Colin IM. From stones to system: integrating kidney stones disease into the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic continuum. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2026. link 10 Tzelves L, Juliebø-Jones P, Skolarikos A, Somani BK. Imaging Follow-up for Patients with Kidney Stones: European Association of Urology Versus American Urological Association Guidelines. European urology focus 2025. link 11 Imzharov T, Zhakiev B, Sarkulov M, Pavlov V, Kurmangaliev O. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METAPHYLAXIS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTRIPSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS. Georgian medical news 2025. link 12 Talyshinskii A, Juliebø-Jones P, Tzelves L, Naik N, Nedbal C, Keulimzhayev N et al.. Current state of AI for shockwave lithotripsy: a systematic review from YAU and EAU endourology. World journal of urology 2025. link 13 Wirtzfeld N, Keller EX, Kwok JL, Gadzhiev N, Tsaturyan A, Somani B et al.. Systematic Review on the Learning Curve of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Operative Time, Fluoroscopy Time, Stone-free Rate, Puncture Performance, Complications, and Safety Indicators. Urology 2025. link 14 Kallidonis P, Spinos T, Guven S, Tatanis V, Peteinaris A, Liatsikos E et al.. Pulsed Thulium: YAG laser for the management of Urolothiasis: a systematic review from the EAU section of endourology. World journal of urology 2025. link 15 Shello HA, Gabril M, Elhendawy A. Mini-PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) vs. FURSL (flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy): a head-to-head comparison in treating calyceal diverticulum stones: a prospective randomized study. World journal of urology 2025. link 16 Yang CC, Keating EE, Managuli R, Honssinger N, Holt SK, Desai AC. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasonic Propulsion-Facilitated Clearance of Residual Renal Stone Fragments vs Observation. The Journal of urology 2025. link 17 Cao X, Jiang M, Guan Y, Li S, Duan C, Gong Y et al.. Trans-ancestry GWAS identifies 59 loci and improves risk prediction and fine-mapping for kidney stone disease. Nature communications 2025. link 18 Sharma K, Nagpal R, Pandey L, Mittal M, Sharma A, Lal Yadav R et al.. Recent Progression and Treatment Approaches for the Kidney Stone Management. Current drug targets 2025. link 19 Garg M, Joseph P, Johnson H, Lawrence JV, Somani B, Rai BP et al.. Obesity and BMI score as risk factors for urolithiasis: a systematic review over 30 years. Current opinion in urology 2025. link 20 Zhou LT, Stark IW, Ali AE, Jayachandran M, Haskic Z, Harris PC et al.. The Genetic Associations Between Kidney Stones, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hypertension. Mayo Clinic proceedings 2025. link 21 Hu C, Ma R, Shao Y, Liang Z, Cheng M, Pang H et al.. Percutaneous nephroscopy versus flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of calyceal diverticulum calculi: a meta-analysis. BMC urology 2025. link 22 Gupta K, Ricapito A, Connors C, Khargi R, Yaghoubian AJ, Gallante B et al.. Is There a Winner? Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing SuperPulse Thulium Fiber Laser vs Pulse-Modulated High-Power Holmium:YAG Laser for Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery. The Journal of urology 2025. link 23 Anderegg MA, Schietzel S, Bargagli M, Bally L, Faller N, Moor MB et al.. Empagliflozin in nondiabetic individuals with calcium and uric acid kidney stones: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nature medicine 2025. link 24 Hosier GW, Beiko DT, Yang H, Sui W, Bayne D, Stoller ML et al.. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. European urology focus 2025. link 25 Dassanayake SN, Harrison NL, Traxer O, Gauhar V, Yuen SKK, Somani BK. Mortality from ureteroscopy for kidney stone disease: systematic review of literature from the section of EAU endourology. World journal of urology 2025. link 26 Gauhar V, Yuen SKK, Castellani D. Suction Ureteral Access Sheaths for Renal Stone Treatment: Essential for Every Case: For. European urology focus 2025. link 27 Miano R, Gambaro G, Vitale C, Vezzoli G, Talso M, Ferretti S et al.. Management of genetically determined kidney stone disease: consensus from a panel of urologists and nephrologists. Minerva urology and nephrology 2025. link 28 Al-Naggar K, Ahmed F, Al-Kohlany K, Alnadhari I. Complications in emergency ureteroscopy for ureteral stone treatment: a retrospective study. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica 2025. link 29 Lehner K, Kemble J, Alamiri J, Potretzke A, Koo K. Urologic training does not impact ability to accurately size kidney stone fragments. Urolithiasis 2025. link 30 Hanna DR, Creswell ML, Terry RS, Vergamini LB, Sardiu M, Du HE et al.. Bing chat for kidney stone management questions based on the AUA guidelines: a comparison of chatbot conversation style modes. World journal of urology 2025. link 31 Qi R, Potretzke AM, Liaw CW, Bearrick EN, Findlay BL, Ungerer GN et al.. A Flipped Classroom Model to Enhance Simulation Education for Percutaneous Renal Surgery. Urology practice 2025. link 32 Kim E, Wang D, Nguyen N, Levy M, Connors C, Villada JA et al.. The Statistical Fragility of Randomized Controlled Trials in Kidney Stone Management: An Analysis of American Urological Association and European Association of Urology Guidelines. Urology 2025. link 33 Ezer M, Aydoğan TB, Tzelves L, Skolarikos A, Uslu M, Sarica K et al.. Evaluation and validation of 3D-printed anatomical urinary system model and virtual reality RIRS simulators in RIRS training: a comparative study. Turkish journal of medical sciences 2025. link 34 Chicaud M, Kutchukian S, Abid N, Roustan FR, Méria P, Lettouche ML et al.. The importance of stone volume measurement - Opinion of the Urolithiasis Committee of the French Association of Urology (CLAFU). The French journal of urology 2025. link 35 Pauchard F, Corrales M, Perri D, Robesti D, Tsaturyan A, Somani BK et al.. Intrarenal Fluid Temperature During Laser Lithotripsy: A Mini Review by the European Association of Urology Endourology Section. European urology focus 2025. link 36 Corrales M, Doizi S, Traxer O. Mortality after ureteroscopy in France: results from a French urological association ("AFU") survey. World journal of urology 2025. link 37 Shepard L, Im C, Li O, Schuler N, Holler T, Saxton A et al.. Comparison of Remote Mixed Reality Versus In-person Training of Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy With Urological Residents. Urology 2025. link 38 Gupta K, Savin Z, Lundon D, Connors C, Serna J, Ricapito A et al.. World-wide variation in percutaneous nephrolithotomy practices: evaluation based on training, experience, and region. World journal of urology 2025. link 39 Mittal A, Singh G, Panwar VK, Kumar D, Agarwal O, Mandal AK. Application of virtual reality in optimizing surgical outcomes and resident training in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A randomized control trial. Investigative and clinical urology 2025. link 40 Yoffe D, Fashakin S, Lim K, Marchalik D. Comparison of radiation exposure for interventional radiology vs urology-guided renal access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. International urology and nephrology 2025. link 41 Panthier F, Alvarez E, Gauhar V, Crawford-Smith H, Allen S, Hamri SB et al.. Stone volume instead of maximum stone diameter: results from an international survey. BJU international 2025. link 42 Gauhar V, Somani BK, Seitz C, Castellani D, Tefik T, Persaud S et al.. A Global Survey to Assess Urologists' Attitudes Towards Suction Technology in Endourology by the European Association of Urology Section of Endourology and Progressive Endourological Association for Research and Leading Solutions. Urology 2025. link 43 Grossmann NC, Panthier F, Afferi L, Kallidonis P, Somani BK. Measuring kidney stone volume - practical considerations and current evidence from the EAU endourology section. Current opinion in urology 2025. link 44 Uysal U, Ucar M. Medical malpractice related to urology: an analysis of court decisions in Turkey. International urology and nephrology 2025. link 45 Marchini GS, Botelho Y, Gimenez LGS, Torricelli FCM, Danilovic A, Vicentini FC et al.. Level of scientific evidence underlying recommendations arising from the American Urological Association and European Urological Association guidelines on stone disease. World journal of urology 2025. link 46 Dassanayake SN, Lafont T, Somani BK. Association and risk of metabolic syndrome and kidney stone disease: outcomes from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Current opinion in urology 2025. link 47 Zhong W, Osther P, Pearle M, Choong S, Mazzon G, Zhu W et al.. International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) guideline on staghorn calculi management. World journal of urology 2024. link 48 De-Mul A, Bacchetta J, Lemoine S. [Management of patients with kidney stones]. Nephrologie & therapeutique 2024. link 49 Zoeir A, Mamdoh H, Moussa A, Abdel-Raheem A, Gameel T, Elsherbeny A et al.. Which is easier for beginners: supine or prone position percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Assessment of the learning curve in novice urologists through a randomized clinical trial. Minerva urology and nephrology 2024. link 50 Hakam N, Guzman Fuentes JL, Nabavizadeh B, Sudhakar A, Li KD, Nicholas C et al.. Outcomes in Randomized Clinical Trials Testing Changes in Daily Water Intake: A Systematic Review. JAMA network open 2024. link 51 Tozsin A, Akdere H, Guven S, Ahmed K. A systematic review on urolithiasis in children with neurological disorders. World journal of urology 2024. link 52 Uleri A, Farré A, Izquierdo P, Angerri O, Kanashiro A, Balaña J et al.. Thulium Fiber Laser Versus Holmium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet for Lithotripsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. European urology 2024. link 53 Qi Y, Xing H, Yang S, Peng Z, Chen Y, Qi S. Antegrade flexible ureteroscopy-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: a prospective randomized controlled study. Urolithiasis 2024. link 54 Li P, Ma Y, Liao B, Jin X, Xiang L, Li H et al.. Comparison of safety and efficacy of different positions in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a network meta-analysis. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2024. link 55 Piana A, Basile G, Masih S, Bignante G, Uleri A, Gallioli A et al.. Kidney stones in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review. Actas urologicas espanolas 2024. link 56 Haberal HB, Tonyali S, Piana A, Keller EX, Sierra A, Bañuelos Marco B et al.. Current Perspectives on Endourological Ex Vivo Stone Interventions in Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Urology 2024. link 57 Husmann DA, Pappas TN, Preminger GM. Nephrolithiasis on the National Stage: The Kidney Stones of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Urology 2024. link 58 McCormick N, Yokose C, Lu N, Wexler DJ, Aviña-Zubieta JA, De Vera MA et al.. Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for recurrent nephrolithiasis among patients with pre-existing nephrolithiasis or gout: target trial emulation studies. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2024. link 59 Collingridge A, O'Callaghan M. Seminal papers in urology: urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study : Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A. urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. The Journal of urology. 1996 Mar;155(3):839 - 43. BMC urology 2024. link 60 Zhu M, Patel RD, Dave P, Ohmann E, Laudano M, Lowe F et al.. Health-related Internet Use Among New Urology Clinic Patients. Urology 2024. link 61 Alanazi A, Madden A, Vanpoperinghe L, Calugaru P, Quarà A, Dokter L et al.. A bench-top evaluation of the Ily® robotics assisted tele console system in ureteroscopy by medical students, residents and urologists: does prior videogaming experience help shape the learning curve?. World journal of urology 2024. link 62 Geraghty RM, Thakur A, Howles S, Finch W, Fowler S, Rogers A et al.. Use of Temporally Validated Machine Learning Models To Predict Outcomes of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Using Data from the British Association of Urological Surgeons Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Audit. European urology focus 2024. link 63 Corrales M, Panthier F, Solano C, Candela L, Traxer O. Laser safety, warnings, and limits in retrograde intrarenal surgery. Actas urologicas espanolas 2024. link 64 Tekin A, Tiryaki S, Yagmur I, Yücel ÖB, Bilge O, Onen A et al.. Utilizing the Ex-Vivo Bovine Model in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery Training. Urology 2024. link 65 Cil G, Dogan K. The efficacy of artificial intelligence in urology: a detailed analysis of kidney stone-related queries. World journal of urology 2024. link 66 Ayed A, Kallidonis P, Tatanis V, Peteinaris A, Liatsikos E, Natchagande G. The learning curve for robotic-assisted pyeloplasty in urologists with no prior robotic experience using an ex-vivo model: A prospective, controlled study. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica 2024. link 67 Halawani A, Mitchell A, Saffarzadeh M, Wong V, Chew BH, Forbes CM. Accuracy and Readability of Kidney Stone Patient Information Materials Generated by a Large Language Model Compared to Official Urologic Organizations. Urology 2024. link 68 Stoots SJM, Somani BK, Durutovic O, Cavadas V, Secker A, Jung HU et al.. Kidney stone analysis: an EAU section of urolithiasis (EULIS) survey on current practices and perspectives worldwide. World journal of urology 2024. link 69 Yanase T, Taguchi K, Sugino T, Sue Y, Isogai M, Hattori T et al.. Defining a learning curve for urology trainees to achieve renal access without complications in endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 2024. link 70 Panthier F, Gauhar V, Ventimiglia E, Kwok JL, Keller EX, Traxer O. Rethinking Stone-free Rates and Surgical Outcomes in Endourology: A Point of View from PEARLS Members. European urology 2024. link 71 McMahon AK, Terry RS, Ito WE, Molina WR, Whiles BB. Battle of the bots: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT and bing AI for kidney stone-related questions. World journal of urology 2024. link 72 John J, Bosch J, Adam A, Fieggen G, Lazarus J, Kaestner L. Design and Validation of a Novel 3D-Printed Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery Trainer. Urology 2024. link 73 Villa L, Robesti D, Ventimiglia E, Candela L, Corsini C, Briganti A et al.. Endourological society fellowship program: a real contribution to improve surgical outcomes of stone patients treated with ureteroscopy. World journal of urology 2024. link 74 Erdoğan E, Sarıca G, Şahin C, Sarıca K. Actual clinical practice pattern in SWL after COVID-19 era: a critical evaluation from different aspects. Urolithiasis 2024. link 75 Arıkan Y, Danacioğlu YO, Özlü DN, Koraş Ö, Emir B, Keskin MZ. Analyzing learning curve for supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy in urology resident training programme: comparative analysis. Urolithiasis 2024. link 76 Xu ZH, Du GY, Zhao YJ, Wang HY, Chen GJ, Tao C et al.. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery composed of micro-perc and retrograde intrarenal surgery in the treatment of complex kidney stones in children. World journal of urology 2024. link 77 Daquin A, Marliere F, Raichi A, Annoot A, Journaux C, Lebuffe G et al.. Sedation vs. general anesthesia in stone ureteroscopy: Comparison of efficacy and safety, a post COVID-19 report. The French journal of urology 2024. link 78 Muschialli L, Mannath A, Moochhala SH, Shroff R, Ferraro PM. Epidemiological and biological associations between cardiovascular disease and kidney stone formation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2024. link 79 Xu Z, Yao X, Duan C, Liu H, Xu H. Metabolic changes in kidney stone disease. Frontiers in immunology 2023. link 80 Dhayat NA, Bonny O, Roth B, Christe A, Ritter A, Mohebbi N et al.. Hydrochlorothiazide and Prevention of Kidney-Stone Recurrence. The New England journal of medicine 2023. link 81 Soderberg L, Ergun O, Ding M, Parker R, Borofsky MS, Pais V et al.. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023. link 82 Huang L, Hu J, Xue C, Ding J, Guo Z, Yu B. Vascular calcification on the risk of kidney stone: a meta-analysis. Renal failure 2023. link 83 Setthawong V, Srisubat A, Potisat S, Lojanapiwat B, Pattanittum P. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023. link 84 Hao X, Shao Z, Zhang N, Jiang M, Cao X, Li S et al.. Integrative genome-wide analyses identify novel loci associated with kidney stones and provide insights into its genetic architecture. Nature communications 2023. link 85 Liu D, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu F, Deng Y, Wang M. Tea intake and risk of kidney stones: A mendelian randomization study. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2023. link 86 Karaaslan M, Olcucuoglu E, Kurtbeyoglu S, Tonyali S, Yilmaz M, Odabas O. Erector spinae plane block prior to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy decreases fluoroscopy time and promise a comfortable procedure for renal stones: A prospective randomized study. Actas urologicas espanolas 2023. link 87 Boissier R, Rodriguez-Faba O, Zakri RH, Hevia V, Budde K, Figueiredo A et al.. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Interventions on Nephrolithiasis in Transplanted Kidney. European urology focus 2023. link 88 Choi YS, Sorkhi SR, Choi SW, Kim KS, Cho HJ. Are hemostatic agents for selective cases of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy necessary for access tract control? A randomized control trial. International urology and nephrology 2023. link 89 Triozzi JL, Hsi RS, Wang G, Akwo EA, Wheless L, Chen HC et al.. Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Genetic Proxies of Thiazide Diuretics and the Reduction of Kidney Stone Risk. JAMA network open 2023. link 90 Shahait M, Farkouh A, Mucksavage P, Somani B. Outcome of Mini-PCNL Under Loco-Regional Anesthesia: Outcomes of a Systematic Review. Current urology reports 2023. link 91 Kumar N, Yadav P, Kaushik VN, Kakoti S, Chakraborty A, Kumar D et al.. Mini-versus standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pediatric population: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of pediatric urology 2023. link 92 Mohey A, Abdelfattah AA, Mohammed AE, Marzouk A, El-Dakhakhny AS. Comparative study between antegrade flexible ureteroscopy and reterograde intrarenal surgery in the management of impacted upper ureteric stones 1.5 cm or larger. World journal of urology 2023. link 93 Wilhelm K, Hein S, Kunath F, Schoenthaler M, Schmidt S. Totally tubeless, tubeless, and tubed percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating kidney stones. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023. link 94 Morozov A, Kalinin N, Androsov A, McFarland J, Scolarikos A, Saidian D et al.. A novel less-traumatic needle for kidney puncture: first clinical experience. International urology and nephrology 2023. link 95 Liu W, Wang M, Liu J, Yan Q, Liu M. Causal effects of modifiable risk factors on kidney stones: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study. BMC medical genomics 2023. link 96 Zhu XS, Yin XY, Fu DH, Huang HP, Wu M, Wang CH et al.. Application of image overlapping in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. International urology and nephrology 2023. link 97 Shastri S, Patel J, Sambandam KK, Lederer ED. Kidney Stone Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Management: Core Curriculum 2023. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2023. link 98 Deng H, Zhang X, Cheng N, Zhang J, Song C, Sun Y et al.. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia associated with increased risk of nephrolithiasis: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health 2023. link 99 Almeras C, Meria P. 2022 Recommendations of the AFU Lithiasis Committee: Summary of indications. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie 2023. link 100 Almeras C, Meria P. 2022 Recommendations of the AFU Lithiasis Committee: Postural therapy. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie 2023. link