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Rheumatology753 papers

Ankylosing spondylitis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton, leading to pain, stiffness, and potential spinal fusion. It is associated with extra-articular manifestations including cardiovascular complications and increased risk of certain cancers 3 10 7.

Diagnosis

Clinical criteria include chronic lower back pain and stiffness improving with activity, especially in younger males 3.

HLA-B27 positivity is common but not diagnostic 54.

Imaging studies like X-rays and MRI can reveal sacroiliitis and spinal changes 3.

Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) support diagnosis 3.

Management

First-line treatments: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation 3.

Second-line treatments: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (e.g., adalimumab, etanercept) for inadequate response to NSAIDs 3 49.

Adjunctive therapies: Exercise programs including Pilates and qigong via telerehabilitation to improve mobility and reduce disability 6 22.

Cardiovascular monitoring: Regular assessment of subclinical cardiac involvement using parameters like dyssynchrony index and autonomic dysfunction markers 4.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: MIS-C associated with COVID-19 can present with severe cardiovascular involvement requiring intensive care; monitor for myocarditis and shock 1 2 17 20 24.

Comorbidities: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease; monitor for hypertension and subclinical atherosclerosis, especially with TNF inhibitor use 11 47 68.

Key Recommendations

Initiate treatment with NSAIDs for symptom management in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Evidence: Strong 3).

Consider TNF inhibitors for patients who do not respond adequately to NSAIDs, particularly those with elevated cardiovascular risk (Evidence: Moderate 3 49).

Regularly monitor cardiovascular health in AS patients, especially those on TNF inhibitors, using biomarkers and imaging to detect subclinical involvement (Evidence: Moderate 4 11 68).

Implement structured exercise programs, including telerehabilitation, to enhance physical function and reduce disability (Evidence: Moderate 6 22).

Vigilantly screen pediatric patients for multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) post-COVID-19 infection, focusing on cardiovascular complications (Evidence: Moderate 1 2 17 20).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 356 indexed papers.

1 Mastrangelo G, Tsoukas P, Mizzi T, Gamulka BD, Xu A, Cheng AHH et al.. Screening Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Accuracy of the American College of Rheumatology Screening Algorithm. The Journal of rheumatology 2026. link 2 Bichali S, Ouldali N, Génin M, Toubiana J, Belot A, Levy C et al.. Cardiogenic Shock Risk Score at Diagnosis of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Multicenter Study. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 3 Issakulova A, Mukhamediyarov M. Clinical presentation and rehabilitation approaches in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and comorbidities: a multicenter retrospective study. Rheumatology international 2026. link 4 Hazir KE, Özdoğan Ö, Çabuk AK, Yilmaz Z. The Role of the Three-Dimensional Systolic Dyssynchrony Index and Autonomic Dysfunction Parameters in Detecting Subclinical Cardiac Involvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2026. link 5 Jiang LW, Yuan ML, Jiang LN, Xia AX, Chen JQ, Li YP et al.. Sclerostin in ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2025. link 6 Gunes Gencer GY, Cetin SY, Kara DS, Yardim S, Ayan A. The effects of baduanjin qigong exercise via telerehabilitation in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled study. Explore (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 7 Yu L, Yan Y, Liu W, Huang S, Sun L, Ruan S. Association of ankylosing spondylitis with the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025. link 8 Zhao X, Xie Q, He X, Lu Y, Li M, Shuai S. Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 9 Kabul EG, Calik BB, Kuru S, Yigit M. Comparison of two different pilates exercise methods in individuals with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A randomized controlled study. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2025. link 10 Wang XN, Ma XT, Li J, Zhou RT, Jin YZ, Zhao XF et al.. Precision prediction of intervertebral disc degeneration in ankylosing spondylitis using a nomogram model reveals the pivotal role of Th2-type immune dysregulation. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 11 Kwon OC, Lee HS, Yang J, Park MC. Cardiovascular risk according to biological agent exposure in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a nationwide population-based study. Clinical rheumatology 2025. link 12 Yan F, Wu L, Lang J, Huang Z. Bone density and fracture risk factors in ankylosing spondylitis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 2024. link 13 Wei J, Zhu X, Wang J, Yang K, Chen J, Li J et al.. Mendelian randomization studies in ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2024. link 14 Sagonas I, Iliopoulos G, Baraliakos X, Daoussis D. Anti-TNF-α induced paradoxical psoriasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2024. link 15 Bolaji O, Oriaifo O, Adabale O, Dilibe A, Kuruvada K, Ouedraogo F et al.. A meta-analysis of left ventricular dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2024. link 16 Luo Y, Chen Y, Yan X, Zhang L, Shang Y, Seo JC. Effectiveness of exercise intervention in relieving symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis: A network meta-analysis. PloS one 2024. link 17 McAree D, Hauck A, Arzu J, Carr M, Acevedo J, Patel AB et al.. Clinical Predictors of Subacute Myocardial Dysfunction in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 18 Karagözlü S, Ramoğlu MG, Bayram Ö, Bakhtiyarzada J, Aydın A, Yılmaz MM et al.. Cardiovascular manifestations and cardiac magnetic resonance follow-up of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Cardiology in the young 2024. link 19 Ptak K, Olszewska M, Szymońska I, Olchawa-Czech A, Mól N, Rudek-Budzyńska A et al.. Should we be afraid of long-term cardiac consequences in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome? Experience from subsequent waves of COVID-19. European journal of pediatrics 2024. link 20 Kim JW, Yoon JS, Park S, Kim H, Lee JS, Choe JY. Risk of cardiovascular disease with high-dose versus low-dose use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 21 Boudjani R, Challal S, Semerano L, Sigaux J. Impact of different types of exercise programs on ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and rehabilitation 2023. link 22 Singh J, Metri K, Tekur P, Mohanty S, Singh A, Raghuram N. Tele-yoga in the management of ankylosing spondylitis amidst COVID pandemic: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2023. link 23 Fang X, Chen C, Wang ZX, Zhao Y, Jiang LQ, Fang Y et al.. Serum DKK-1 level in ankylosing spondylitis: insights from meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization. Frontiers in immunology 2023. link 24 Boucher AA, Knutson S, Young L, Evans MD, Braunlin E, Zantek ND et al.. Prolonged Elevations of Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor Antigen After Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2023. link 25 Kobayashi K, Hamatani Y, Moriyoshi K, Iguchi M, Masunaga N, Terashima M et al.. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome and lymphohistiocytic myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccine in a middle-aged woman. ESC heart failure 2023. link 26 Abdelaziz TA, Abdulrahman DA, Baz EG, Allam RM, Hamed DE, Elsayed AEA et al.. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 in Egypt: A tertiary care hospital experience. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2023. link 27 Pabst LM, Zyck SA, Youssef P. Successful thrombectomy in a pediatric patient with large vessel occlusion and COVID-19 related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2023. link 28 Yasuhara J, Masuda K, Watanabe K, Shirasu T, Takagi H, Sumitomo N et al.. Longitudinal Cardiac Outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 29 Atasayan V, Akbay ÖP, Çağlayan Ş, Sözeri B, Hasbal Akkuş C, Vuran A et al.. Cardiac involvement in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: single-centre experience. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 30 Rackauskaite S, Lipnevicius A, Sendzikaitė S. Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome in a neonate with CHD: case description and current issues in children with CHD. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 31 Das N, Hill R, Trivedi M, Kenkre TS, Alsaied T, Feingold B et al.. Longitudinal Assessment of Cardiac Function Following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 32 Cem E, Böncüoğlu E, Kıymet E, Şahinkaya Ş, Yılmaz Çelebi M, Gülderen M et al.. Which Findings Make multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Different from the Pre-Pandemic Kawasaki Disease?. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 33 Harahsheh AS, Portman MA, Khoury M, Elias MD, Lee S, Lin J et al.. Management of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Decision-Making Regarding a New Condition in the Absence of Clinical Trial Data. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2023. link 34 Fridman MD, Tsoukas P, Jeewa A, Yeung RSM, Gamulka BD, McCrindle BW. Differentiation of COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome From Kawasaki Disease With the Use of Cardiac Biomarkers. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2023. link 35 DiLorenzo MP, Farooqi KM, Shah AM, Channing A, Harrington JK, Connors TJ et al.. Ventricular function and tissue characterization by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging following hospitalization for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a prospective study. Pediatric radiology 2023. link 36 Garg K, Rafiq R, Mishra S, Singh P, Agrawal D, Chandra PS. Cervical Spine Fracture with Extreme Dislocation in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurology India 2022. link 37 Shaiba LA, More K, Hadid A, Almaghrabi R, Al Marri M, Alnamnakani M et al.. Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Neonates: A Systematic Review. Neonatology 2022. link 38 Su QY, Zheng JW, Yang JY, Zhang TY, Song S, Zhao R et al.. Levels of Peripheral Th17 Cells and Th17-Related Cytokines in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-analysis. Advances in therapy 2022. link 39 Kim JW, Lee EA, Kim HA, Suh CH, Jung JY. Clinical Features and Drug Retention of TNF Inhibitors in Older Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results from the KOBIO Registry. BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy 2022. link 40 Rakha S, Sobh A, Hager AH, Hafez M, Alsawah GA, Abuelkheir MM et al.. Cardiac implications of multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 in children under the age of 5 years. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 41 Lam JY, Richardson A, Kanegaye JT, Tremoulet AH, Shimizu C, Stadnick NA et al.. Implementation of KIDMATCH: A Clinical Decision Support Tool for Diagnosing Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Kawasaki Disease. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2022. link 42 Dhar D, Dey T, Samim MM, Padmanabha H, Chatterjee A, Naznin P et al.. Systemic inflammatory syndrome in COVID-19-SISCoV study: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric research 2022. link 43 Bartoszek M, Małek ŁA, Barczuk-Falęcka M, Brzewski M. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Follow-Up of Children After Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2 With Initial Cardiac Involvement. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2022. link 44 Barris DM, Keelan J, Ahluwalia N, Jhaveri S, Cohen J, Stern K et al.. Midterm Outcomes and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. The Journal of pediatrics 2022. link 45 Roberts JE, Campbell JI, Gauvreau K, Lamb GS, Newburger J, Son MB et al.. Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Archives of disease in childhood 2022. link 46 Erol N, Sari E. Cardiac involvement in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children cases. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 47 Liew JW, Jafarzadeh SR, Dubreuil M, Heckbert SR, Mooney SJ, Brown MA et al.. The Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Use With Incident Hypertension in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Data From the PSOAS Cohort. The Journal of rheumatology 2022. link 48 Roe K. Explanations for 10 of the most puzzling aspects of multisystem inflammatory syndrome and other Kawasaki-like diseases. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2022. link 49 Candemir M, Kiziltunç E, Candemir B, Nurkoç S, Cihan B, Şahinarslan A. Analysis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data in patients with ankylosing spondylitis without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Journal of human hypertension 2022. link 50 Konukoglu O, Dogan A, Sever K, Akcay A, Balkanay M, Mansuroglu D. Left ventricular assist device implantation following multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children due to SARS-CoV-2. Journal of cardiac surgery 2022. link 51 Cattalini M, Taddio A, Bracaglia C, Cimaz R, Paolera SD, Filocamo G et al.. Childhood multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C): a diagnostic and treatment guidance from the Rheumatology Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatrics. Italian journal of pediatrics 2021. link 52 Bansal N, Azeka E, Neunert C, Kim JS, Murray J, May L et al.. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Anti-thrombosis Guideline of Care for Children by Action. Pediatric cardiology 2021. link 53 Patel P, DeCuir J, Abrams J, Campbell AP, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED. Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review. JAMA network open 2021. link 54 Hwang MC, Ridley L, Reveille JD. Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: a systematic literature review. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 55 Basakci Calik B, Pekesen Kurtca M, Gur Kabul E, Telli Atalay O, Taskin H, Yigit M et al.. Investigation of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise training in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis: Randomized controlled study. Modern rheumatology 2021. link 56 Hu N, Chen X, Wang S, Yuan G, Wang Q, Shu H et al.. The association of polymorphisms in TNF and ankylosing spondylitis in common population: a meta-analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2021. link 57 Eun IS, Park SH, Goh TS, Son SM, Kim DS, Lee JS. Effect of bisphosphonates on ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2021. link 58 Hupf B, Bunn V, Lin J, Dong C. Bayesian semiparametric meta-analytic-predictive prior for historical control borrowing in clinical trials. Statistics in medicine 2021. link 59 Yan F, Reddy PD, Nguyen SA, Ward C, Meyer TA. Hearing Loss in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. The Journal of rheumatology 2021. link 60 Zhang J, Ong S, Toh H. The Formulation of Cognitive Aids and a Systematic Approach to Emergency Front-of-Neck Access, Following a "Can't Intubate, Can't Oxygenate" Crisis in a Patient With Ankylosing Spondylitis. A&A practice 2021. link 61 Crossfield SSR, Marzo-Ortega H, Kingsbury SR, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Conaghan PG. Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades. RMD open 2021. link 62 Sözeri B, Çağlayan Ş, Atasayan V, Ulu K, Coşkuner T, Pelin Akbay Ö et al.. The clinical course and short-term health outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in the single pediatric rheumatology center. Postgraduate medicine 2021. link 63 Akyol A, Kocyigit BF. Ankylosing spondylitis rehabilitation publications and the global productivity: a Web of Science-based bibliometric analysis (2000-2019). Rheumatology international 2021. link 64 Magrey MN, Thomas C, Khan MA. The American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Criteria Are Useful in the Evaluation of Fibromyalgia Symptoms in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2021. link 65 Altıparmak B, Korkmaz Toker M, Uysal Aİ, Gümüş Demirbilek S. Erector Spinae Plane Block for anesthesia of open ventral hernia repair in severe Ankylosing Spondylitis. Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology 2021. link 66 Veyseh M, Webster P, Blanco I. COVID-19-associated inflammatory syndrome in an adult woman with unexplained multiple organ failure: staying vigilant for COVID-19 complications as the pandemic surges. BMJ case reports 2021. link 67 Díaz F, Cores C, Atenas O, Rodríguez N, Bustos R, Cruces P. Rationale of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange as Rescue Immunomodulatory Treatment for MIS-C With Multiorgan Failure. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 68 Demir K, Avcı A, Ergulu Esmen S, Tuncez A, Yalcın MU, Yılmaz A et al.. Assessment of arterial stiffness and epicardial adipose tissue thickness in predicting the subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993) 2021. link 69 Carbajal R, Lorrot M, Levy Y, Grimprel E, Lecarpentier T, Heritier S et al.. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children rose and fell with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2021. link 70 Caro-Patón GL, de Azagra-Garde AM, García-Salido A, Cabrero-Hernández M, Tamariz A, Nieto-Moro M. Shock and Myocardial Injury in Children With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What We Know. Case Series and Review of the Literature. Journal of intensive care medicine 2021. link 71 Uchida M, Kashima Y, Mochizuki K, Sakamoto H, Mori K, Ebisawa S et al.. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children　- A New Syndrome Complicated With Acute Heart Failure Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2021. link 72 Sánchez-Oro R, Fatahi Bandpey ML, García Martínez E, Edo Prades MÁ, Alonso Muñoz EM. Clinical and radiological findings for the new multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19. Radiologia 2021. link 73 Wiek D. AS Patient: How to Cope with the Lifelong and Changing Disease Challenges. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2020. link 74 Kim HA, Lee E, Lee SK, Park YB, Lee YN, Kang HJ et al.. Retention rate and long-term safety of biosimilar CT-P13 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: data from the Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics registry. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2020. link 75 Kim HA, Lee E, Lee SK, Park YB, Shin K. Retention Rate and Efficacy of the Biosimilar CT-P13 Versus Reference Infliximab in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis from the Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics Registry. BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy 2020. link 76 Gonen T, Tiosano S, Comaneshter D, Amital H, Cohen AD, Shovman O. The coexistence of gout in ankylosing spondylitis patients: a case control study. Rheumatology international 2020. link 77 Heidemann SM, Tilford B, Bauerfeld C, Martin A, Garcia RU, Yagiela L et al.. Three Cases of Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Due to SARS-CoV-2. The American journal of case reports 2020. link 78 Hue W, Jones S, Sengupta R. Exploring the Future Role of Self-Tracking Data in the Rheumatology Clinic. Studies in health technology and informatics 2019. link 79 Covey CJ, Church LT. Could that back pain be caused by ankylosing spondylitis?. The Journal of family practice 2019. link 80 Chao WC, Lin CH, Chen YM, Jiang RS, Chen HH. Association between tonsillitis and newly diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis: A nationwide, population-based, case-control study. PloS one 2019. link 81 Bai R, Zhang Y, Liu W, Ma C, Chen X, Yang J et al.. The Relationship of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Angiology 2019. link 82 Moon I, Choi EK, Jung JH, Han KD, Choi YJ, Park J et al.. Ankylosing spondylitis: A novel risk factor for atrial fibrillation - A nationwide population-based study. International journal of cardiology 2019. link 83 Lee JH, Choi M, Rim THT, Lee SC, Lee CS. Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors in Ankylosing Spondylitis Associated Uveitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2019. link 84 Prati C, Demougeot C, Guillot X, Sondag M, Verhoeven F, Wendling D. Vascular involvement in axial spondyloarthropathies. Joint bone spine 2019. link 85 Kaplanoglu H, Özişler C. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis using ultrasound radiofrequency data technology in patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2019. link 86 Thakkar SJ, Grayburn PA, Hall SA, Roberts WC. Orthotopic Heart Transplantation for Ankylosing Spondylitis Masquerading as Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 2019. link 87 Mielnik P, Hjelle AM, Nordeide JL. Coexistence of Takayasu's arteritis and ankylosing spondylitis may not be accidental - Is there a need for a new subgroup in the spondyloarthritis family?. Modern rheumatology 2018. link 88 Ljung L, Sundström B, Smeds J, Ketonen M, Forsblad-d'Elia H. Patterns of comorbidity and disease characteristics among patients with ankylosing spondylitis-a cross-sectional study. Clinical rheumatology 2018. link 89 Sawicki LM, Lütje S, Baraliakos X, Braun J, Kirchner J, Boos J et al.. Dual-phase hybrid . Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2018. link 90 Eriksson JK, Jacobsson L, Bengtsson K, Askling J. Is ankylosing spondylitis a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and how do these risks compare with those in rheumatoid arthritis?. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2017. link 91 Tam HW, Yeo KJ, Leong PY, Chen CH, Li YC, Ma CM et al.. Sulfasalazine might reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2017. link 92 Biesbroek PS, Heslinga SC, Konings TC, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Hofman MBM, van de Ven PM et al.. Insights into cardiac involvement in ankylosing spondylitis from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2017. link 93 Dean E. Ankylosing spondylitis. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2016. link 94 Dean LE, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. Differences in the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in primary and secondary care: only one-third of patients are managed in rheumatology. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2016. link 95 Deodhar A, Mittal M, Reilly P, Bao Y, Manthena S, Anderson J et al.. Ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis in US patients with back pain: identifying providers involved and factors associated with rheumatology referral delay. Clinical rheumatology 2016. link 96 Essers I, Stolwijk C, Boonen A, De Bruin ML, Bazelier MT, de Vries F et al.. Ankylosing spondylitis and risk of ischaemic heart disease: a population-based cohort study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2016. link 97 Hung YM, Chang WP, Wei JC, Chou P, Wang PY. Midlife Ankylosing Spondylitis Increases the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Males 5 Years Later: A National Population-Based Study. Medicine 2016. link 98 Mathieu S, Pereira B, Soubrier M. Cardiovascular events in ankylosing spondylitis: an updated meta-analysis. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2015. link 99 Ustun N, Kurt M, Nacar AB, Karateke HP, Guler H, Turhanoglu AD. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with ankylosing spondylitis without clinically overt cardiovascular disease by speckle tracking echocardiography. Rheumatology international 2015. link 100 van Sijl AM, van Eijk IC, Peters MJ, Serné EH, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Smulders YM et al.. Tumour necrosis factor blocking agents and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2015. link

Original source

[1]
Screening Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Accuracy of the American College of Rheumatology Screening Algorithm. — Mastrangelo G, Tsoukas P, Mizzi T, Gamulka BD, Xu A, Cheng AHH et al. The Journal of rheumatology (2026)
[2]
Cardiogenic Shock Risk Score at Diagnosis of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Multicenter Study. — Bichali S, Ouldali N, Génin M, Toubiana J, Belot A, Levy C et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[3]
Clinical presentation and rehabilitation approaches in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and comorbidities: a multicenter retrospective study. — Issakulova A, Mukhamediyarov M Rheumatology international (2026)
[4]
The Role of the Three-Dimensional Systolic Dyssynchrony Index and Autonomic Dysfunction Parameters in Detecting Subclinical Cardiac Involvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis. — Hazir KE, Özdoğan Ö, Çabuk AK, Yilmaz Z Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2026)
[5]
Sclerostin in ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis. — Jiang LW, Yuan ML, Jiang LN, Xia AX, Chen JQ, Li YP et al. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (2025)
[6]
The effects of baduanjin qigong exercise via telerehabilitation in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled study. — Gunes Gencer GY, Cetin SY, Kara DS, Yardim S, Ayan A Explore (New York, N.Y.) (2025)
[7]
Association of ankylosing spondylitis with the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. — Yu L, Yan Y, Liu W, Huang S, Sun L, Ruan S Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025)
[8]
Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis. — Zhao X, Xie Q, He X, Lu Y, Li M, Shuai S Frontiers in immunology (2025)
[9]
Comparison of two different pilates exercise methods in individuals with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A randomized controlled study. — Kabul EG, Calik BB, Kuru S, Yigit M Journal of bodywork and movement therapies (2025)
[10]
Precision prediction of intervertebral disc degeneration in ankylosing spondylitis using a nomogram model reveals the pivotal role of Th2-type immune dysregulation. — Wang XN, Ma XT, Li J, Zhou RT, Jin YZ, Zhao XF et al. Frontiers in immunology (2025)
[11]
Cardiovascular risk according to biological agent exposure in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a nationwide population-based study. — Kwon OC, Lee HS, Yang J, Park MC Clinical rheumatology (2025)
[12]
Bone density and fracture risk factors in ankylosing spondylitis: a meta-analysis. — Yan F, Wu L, Lang J, Huang Z Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA (2024)
[13]
Mendelian randomization studies in ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review. — Wei J, Zhu X, Wang J, Yang K, Chen J, Li J et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2024)
[14]
Anti-TNF-α induced paradoxical psoriasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review. — Sagonas I, Iliopoulos G, Baraliakos X, Daoussis D Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2024)
[15]
A meta-analysis of left ventricular dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis. — Bolaji O, Oriaifo O, Adabale O, Dilibe A, Kuruvada K, Ouedraogo F et al. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) (2024)
[16]
Effectiveness of exercise intervention in relieving symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis: A network meta-analysis. — Luo Y, Chen Y, Yan X, Zhang L, Shang Y, Seo JC PloS one (2024)
[17]
Clinical Predictors of Subacute Myocardial Dysfunction in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19. — McAree D, Hauck A, Arzu J, Carr M, Acevedo J, Patel AB et al. Pediatric cardiology (2024)
[18]
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